Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract Praising Imam Riḍā (as) has a special place in contemporary poetry, especially after the Islamic Revolution. Each of the poets, according to their own spirits, emphasizes certain aspects of the characteristics of that Imam. Some poets use the epic elements of poetry more due to their more familiarity with the literature of stability and sacred defense when praising the eighth Imam, on the other hand, some people prefer to praise that Imam with a lyrical and romantic tone and portray their inner and personal feelings with him. For the author, the question has been raised as to what specific features of Raḍavi poetry bring it closer or farther away from the literature of stability. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article was to provide objective and documented examples of the effects of sustainability literature after comparing the two Raḍavi lyric poems. For this purpose, by comparing the Raḍavi lyric poems of Qaisar Aminpour and Mohammad Ali Bahmani, we have examined two different ways of contemporary poets in praising Imam Riḍā (AS). In order to achieve this goal, we have compared the two sonnets separately in terms of thought, literature and language and have shown that Aminpour sonnet is more in line with the characteristics of sustainability literature. According to the findings of this study, Aminpour's poetry has collective tendencies at the intellectual level and Bahmani lyric is more introspective. At the linguistic level, Aminpour employs dynamic words and verbs, in contrast, the words and actions of Bahmani lyric are passive, finally, among the literary elements, the weight and imaginative forms of Aminpour's poetry are more related to the epic tone than Bahnami's sonnet.

Abstract The establishment of the Ṣafavīd rule by Shah Ismail in 907 A.H. aroused the sensitivities of Sunni neighbors. In the meantime, the Uzbeks, with their religious claims and territorial expansionism, prepared various attacks on different cities of Khorāsān, including Mashhad, in which the Raḍavi court played an important role. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method based on library texts to answer the question: what is the position of Raḍavi court in these conflicts? The findings indicate the fact that the Raḍavi court has not only been affected by the course of these conflicts, but has also affected their course; thus, the Uzbek invasions of Mashhad led to their various looting of the Raḍavi court; But these invasions paved the way for the Safavid kings to pay more attention to the issue of pilgrimage to Mashhad and the reconstruction of the holy shrine. The Ṣafavīds were also able to use the various capacities of the Raḍavi court to confront the Uzbeks.

Abstract A review of the biography of the infallible Imams (as) shows that they also used the wise poems of others in their words and confirmed its contents and sometimes composed verses themselves. In the hadiths narrated from Imam Riḍā (as), 52 verses are mentioned which it seems that he has quoted them because of their valuable moral and legal themes and has reflected them in his words. Some of these poems are poetic representations of Imam Riḍā (as) and a few verses are his own poems. Using the content analysis method, the authors have extracted from these 52 verses of poetry, about 100 themes and 16 main themes, which is called "text orientation". These titles, which are the main idea and message of the text, come to the mind of the audience according to the principle of "origin". By "classifying" the orientations for achieving the categories of research, it became clear that out of the 16 main topics extracted, 9 collections (56%) deal with the subject of how human social relations with others, and four collections (25%) refer to the subject of individual affairs and acts of human worship and three collections (19%) refer to the issue of usurpation of the Caliphate by the oppressive rulers and the enemies of the Ahl al-Bayt (as). Therefore, the main purpose of the article, which is to express the main orientation of Raḍavi poetry news, is classified in detail under the three categories of social relations, personal relations and political relations, and the main topics of each.

Abstract The study of the historical course of the appointment of the Imam by the previous Imam indicates its different aspect by Imam Kāẓim (as), to the extent that for the first time in the culture of the Imamate, that Imam repeatedly introduced his successor in public. By examining the primary hadith sources, it is clear that 41 hadiths have been narrated about the introduction of the eighth Imam (as) by the previous Imam. In the meantime, in addition to the acceptance of these narrations by the general Imami companions, 11 hadiths based on the validity of the latter, are correct in terms of the document. The noticeable difference in the statistics of this group of narrations is more than anything due to factors such as the expansion of the Shiite community to the farthest corners of the Islamic world and the expansion of the advocacy organization; also, the prediction of deviant sects by Imam Kāẓim (as), including the Wāqifi sect, is led by some elders and lawyers. Explaining the issue of Imamate and the characteristics of the Imam, public announcement and introduction in public, guardian, caliph and guardian of the Imam in life and death, entrusting the vows of the Imamate, determining a special sign to know the Imam, much respect and other actions are some of the mechanisms of Imam Kāẓim (as) in announcing the Imamate of Imam Riḍā (as). This research tries to explore the various dimensions of the subject and express its secret in a historical and hadith method based on content analysis.

Abstract Imam Riḍā (as) and his virtues have been a famous topic for many Shiite religious poems from the past until now; thus, the poems Khalajātun fi Safar al-Qalb (Rummages in travel of  the heart) by Abbas Yasin and Gūshwāreh Arsh (Earring of the Heaven) by Mousavi Garmaroudi have been studied in a descriptive-analytical method based on the American school of comparative literature to recognize stylistic and emotional features that two  poets have in common in depicting character and life of the Imam in a literary way for his followers. One of the achievements of this research is to pay attention to the fact that the generosity and commitment to principles of justice of the eight Imam have had of great importance for both among other virtues of him. This point can indicate that both literary representatives, influenced by the spiritual, social, political and cultural conditions of the time, consider themselves more than ever-in need to the help of Imam (as). The Persian poet, to achieve his goal, have employed imagination, figures of speech, and also in advancing innovative images, in a more efficiently compare to Arab poet; at the same time, applying scientific facts in a poetic composition did not make it difficult to understand his poetry, but by understanding these facts, the audience's pleasure has doubled. On the other hand, Abbas Yasin's poetry is also reflecting his emotional attitudes, to the extent that one could scarcely find figures of speeches and imagination in his poems. But, afterwards, both poets, more than anything else, draw the audience to the spiritual aspects of the personality of Imam Riḍā (as) and his generosity and fairness which highlight the important topic of twassul (appeal), which is one of the important issues of Shiite religion.

Abstract The legitimacy of governments has always been, at least since ancient Greece, one of the key issues in political science. In the Islamic world, although the formulations presented for the ratification of the caliphate were later than the status of action, but it can be said that during the Imamate of the eighth Shiite Imam, many of them had achieved their structure. Now, if we look at the narrations of Imam Riḍā (as) from the perspective of political science, we will see that many of Raḍavi's teachings are related to the legitimacy of the government. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to show what discourses were held in the period of the life of Imam Riḍā (as) (148-203 AH) regarding the legitimacy of the Caliphate and what was the view of the Eighth Imam of the Shiites in the face of them?
The results of the research show that the caliphate did not have a solid basis for legitimacy, and based on previous events, it has become a theorizing; also, during the Abbasid caliphate, strategies were considered to strengthen legitimacy. The narrations also demonstrate that in addition to presenting the Shiite model, the "text", they criticized both paths of the caliphate system, that is, the constructions of legitimacy and strengthening strategies, in order to give a new life to the political principles of the Shiite school.

Abstract In the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt, various signs have been mentioned for recognizing the Infallible Imam. The mention of these signs has been due to the fact that Shiites in every age can know the Imam of their time and also the claimants of the Imamate can be disgraced. One of the various signs mentioned to prove the guardianship of the Infallible Imam over the people is the question from the Imam. In other words, by asking questions of the claimant to the Imamate, the Shiites can establish the legitimacy or invalidity of his claim and get rid of the confusion in the matter of the Imamate. There are conflicts between different narrations that have considered the issue of asking the Imam as a way to identify the Imam of Truth. Some narrations consider the question from the Imam as a proof to prove his legitimacy, and on the other hand, a narration of Imam Riḍā (as) does not consider the question as a proof and instead considers other signs other than the question from the claimant of the Imamate to prove the Imamate. This obvious conflict between the narration of Imam Riḍā (as) and other narrations regarding the authority of the question from the Infallible Imam is the main issue of this article and seeks a solution for it.