Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract Razavi Culture, rooted in the teachings of Imam Reza (A.S.) and the knowledge of the Ahl al-Bayt, is one of the most valuable aspects of Islamic and Shia culture, playing a crucial role in shaping the religious and social identity of Muslims, especially Shia. The importance of Razavi culture lies in the fact that distancing from it not only affects religious dimensions but can also have profound consequences in social, cultural, political, and identity-related areas. In this regard, this study aims to examine the causes and strategies behind the distancing from Razavi culture among some Iranian citizens and its consequences, analyzing the phenomenon from the perspective of cultural and religious theories.

For this purpose, the qualitative method and Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach were employed. The necessary data were collected from in-depth interviews with 25 individuals from different groups in the city of Tabriz. The results of the research indicate that the focused codes for causal conditions include factors such as social transformation, the decline of institutional legitimacy, secularism discourse, and cultural colonization. In the section on contextual conditions, structural economic crises, cultural pluralism, the collapse of the epistemic system, and instability in the family education system were identified as key contexts. The intervening codes refer to the role of ideological conflicts, a rupture in epistemic mediation, the haste in global integration, and the consumerist information market.

Finally, considering two strategies of acceptance and resistance by society, which were presented as individual reactions to this phenomenon, the consequences of distancing from Razavi culture manifested as a legitimacy crisis, nationalism and ethnocentrism, social-political divergence, decline in soft power, secularization of political discourse, collapse of normative order, identity vacuum, erosion of social solidarity, identity entropy, and disintegration of the educational structure.

Abstract معماری اسلامی و تزیینات وابسته به آن با توجه به حجم و زمان ماندگاری نسبت به هنرهای اسلامی دیگر از اهمیت خاصی در بین هنرهای اسلامی برخوردارند. انواع هنرهایمعماری اسلامی و تزیینات وابسته به آن با توجه به حجم و زمان ماندگاری، نسبت به هنرهای اسلامی دیگر، از اهمیت خاصی در بین هنرهای اسلامی برخوردار می باشند. انواع هنرهای بصری اسلامی اعم از طراحی، خوشنویسی، آینه -کاری، گچ ‌کاری و ... در معماری و تزیینات وابسته به آن در اماکن مذهبی قابل مشاهده ‌است که نقش موثری در بیان اصول دین اسلام از جمله توحید دارند. از جمله موارد آن، تزیینات به‌ کار رفته در حرم رضوی است که چگونگی ارتباط آن با مفهوم توحید و تأثیرگذاری آنها بر اعتقادات مخاطبان مسئله شایسته پژوهش است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و تصاویر میدانی به بررسی ارتباط تزیینات در معماری حرم رضوی بر تقویت اصل توحید در اعتقادات مخاطبان پرداخته ‌است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از این است که تزیینات موجود در حرم رضوی در نمای خارجی، حیاط، گلدسته ها، آینه کاری، ستون ها، گنبد، کتیبه ها، گچ بری، علاوه بر زیبایی ظاهری برای هر زائر عامی و خواص، دارای زیبایی درونی می‌باشد که مطابق با فطرت انسانی می‌باشد و انسان مسلمان با دیدن تزیینات حس خوشایند درونی را تجربه می ‌کند و خواهان این تجربه شیرین به دفعات می‌‌ باشد. طر‌ح‌ها و نقش ‌های اسلامی که در معماری بناهای اسلامی جلوه‌ گری می‌کنند با زبان اشاره‌ها با مخاطبان ارتباط برقرار می‌کنند و هر مخاطبی با توجه به خودسازی و آمادگی درونی خویش که از قبل در خود ایجاد کرده‌است؛ رمز و رازهای هنر اسلامی که مهم‌ترین آن ‌ها روح توحید و یگانگی می ‌باشد را به تدریج درک می‌ کند.

Abstract "Pretending" is a social harm that, although it is also felt in communications between ordinary people in society, recognizing pretense and correctly confronting a pretender who is in government positions is much more complex and difficult due to the various sources of power. In this article, pretense is considered as a "cultural-communicational harm" and the goal is to explain the pattern of Imam Reza's confrontation with Ma'mun as a pretender who is in the highest ranks of the government. To achieve this pattern, the method of text hermeneutics with an "interrogative and author-centered" approach and content analysis were used to collect data from the narrations and life of Imam Reza and to analyze the data. By examining the lexical meaning of the word "tolerance" and carefully examining the narrations in this field and applying it to the life of Imam Reza, as well as analyzing the content of Imam Reza's verbal and non-verbal actions, 44 basic themes, 6 organizing themes, and one comprehensive theme were obtained. “Foresightful tolerance”, “measurement in actions”, “exposing pretense while tolerating the pretense”, “benevolence and observing expediency”, “observing Islamic principles”, and “strict confrontation in case of ineffective tolerance” are 6 organizing themes that are placed under “wise tolerance” as a comprehensive theme. “wise tolerance” should be considered as a communication principle in confronting pretense. The wise attribute of the spirit is the governing tolerance in confronting the pretense. In fact, tolerance is done with the pretense person, not with his pretense. It is suggested that the model of confronting pretense agents in the current situation be the subject of another article and that by updating the model obtained from this article, the current model of confronting pretense can be drawn.

Abstract کاربست رویکرد تاریخ انگاره در کنار رویکردهای تاریخ اجتماعی ،تاریخ فرهنگی،تاریخ تمدن و...در مطالعه منابع اسلامی ، ضمن پدیدآیی افق های جدید در شناخت منابع ، موجب ارائه برخی گزاره های ناهمخوان با باورهای مذاهب اسلامی گشته است.استفاده از این رویکرد ضمن ایجاد خودآگاهی نسبت به پارادایم درون دینی ، تعامل با پارادیم های جدید را فراهم می سازد. فرقه واقفه یکی از چالش برانگیزترین موضوعات امامیه به دلیل گستردگی روایات مرتبط با آن و ناکافی بودن ساختارهای سنتی علومِ فرق شناسی و رجال ، فهم و تحلیل آن را در چارچوب های کلیشه ای قرار داده که برای توصیف و بیان چرایی رفتار شیعیان امامیه ناکافی می باشد. کاربست رویکرد تاریخ انگاره ای با تعاریف منقح ، ظرفیت های جدیدی برای توصیف و تبیین افتراق درونی جریان شیعه در آن مقطع تاریخی فراهم ساخته و امکان پاسخگویی به از برخی نتایج ناشی از رویکردهای تاریخی را میسر می سازد. طرحواره ای که با بررسی تاریخ انگاره های امامیه استخراج می شود ، جریان شیعه امامیه در دوران حیات ائمه (ع) در بستر کوفه و شرایط دشوار تاریخی در عین التزام بر اصول معین ، پیرامون اصولی درحال آزمون و تحقیق بوده و تطبیق برخی انگاره ها ،امکان بروز رفتارهای مختلف را محتمل می ساخت.شرایط بحرانی حبس و درگذشت مبهم امام کاظم (ع) ، موجب تنش شدید انگاره ای درون امامیه و در ارتباط با دیگر جریان ها بر محور برخی از انگاره های مألوف امامیه و هویت یابی جریان هایی از توقف کنندگان در حالت های : قطعیت امامتِ امام رضا(ع)، توقف در شک نسبت به امامت امام رضا(ع) یا درگذشت امام کاظم(ع) ، غلو ، تاویل و تطبیق تأویل انگاره های غیبت و قائمیت گردید. واقفه تاویل گر با تاویل برخی روایات و اصرار بر آن و گسست انگاره ای از امامیه ، مذهب واقفی را پدید آوردند.

Abstract Cohesion is a fundamental concept in linguistics that examines the factors of connectivity and relationships between sentence components, inter-sentential relations, and the overall text structure. This term, introduced by functional linguists in the field of discourse analysis, comprehensively studies the role of cohesive components in text formation and organization. Imam Reza's (PBUH) monotheistic sermon is a religious text with profound monotheistic content and literary richness, in which the Imam (PBUH) has artfully and intelligently utilized cohesive elements to create a coherent and systematic structure. This research uses the bases of Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan's textual cohesion theory to examine the conjunctive and lexical cohesion factors of this sermon. The present study, while analyzing conjunctive, lexical, and rhetorical cohesive components, systematically examines the interdiscursive relations and the role of these elements in the sermon's structure and the transmission of philosophical concepts. The research findings indicate that among the conjunctive elements, the additive conjunction "and" has the highest frequency in the text, and at the lexical level, the Imam (PBUH) has artistically employed various lexical cohesion elements such as antonymy, opposition, and semantic fields. These lexical elements, formed based on syntagmatic relations in the speech chain, have played a more prominent and influential role in creating textual cohesion. The results of this research clearly demonstrate that using Halliday and Hasan's cohesion theory, while identifying cohesive elements in religious texts, one can scientifically and methodically explain how these elements influence text formation and the clear, unambiguous transmission of profound philosophical and religious concepts.

Abstract Correct debate and good argument, as a place for ideas to meet, due to the combination of two aspects, positive-affirmative and negative-other, has a direct and deep connection with the identity structure of the individual, group and society, and is able to play an important role in defining the boundaries to play an identity On the other hand, it is necessary to pass from the reductionist approaches to the investigation of the life of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and to review and rewrite it with the aim of knowingly understanding their identity-building life as a model for creating the present and the future in the Islamic society. The mission of this study is to answer the question that Imam Reza's (pbuh) debates, with the aim of reaching the dimensions and identity-building aspects of Imam Reza's (a.s.) debates, were created in the face of the identity threats created by the false front, whose prominent symbol in that era was the Abbasid caliphate. What was its effect and the functions of what it was. Based on this, the functions of the Prophet's debates are divided into three areas: determining, distinguishing and protecting. The maximum monitoring of issues, questions and doubts and the presentation of various evidences and documents from internal and other sources in the debates, not only led to the establishment and determination of the Shiite identity and its distinction from non-identities, but its epistemological resolution guaranteed the identity security for the Shiite discourse.Based on the teachings of religion, it can be used as a strategy for the identification of individuals and societies.