Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract Razavi’s children’s and adolescent literature festival stories are among the works of fiction in the age category of children and adolescents, which were mostly written in a one-sequence and somewhat positive way in the 2000s and 2010s.  The main focus of these stories is criticism of illness and poverty, praise of appeal and hope, altruism, gratitude, effort and perseverance.  This article tries to investigate and analyze the important structural and content elements of these works in a descriptive and analytical way, with the aim of better introducing these stories and knowing the viewpoints of their authors, which have been given less attention so far.  The findings of this research revealed that in these stories, the reality descriptions prevail over the imagination of the writers.  In these stories, in the end, superiority is with positive characters and the force of good, and the heroes and readers face relatively positive endings.  The predominance of dynamic characters over static characters because of the type of crises in the story and the predominance of content over form, scenes combined with similes and metaphors that serve the content of the story are other features of these stories.  Lack of attention to the national and mythological culture and uniformity in the language and speech of the story characters is one of the most important damages of these works.

Abstract After Jesus (pbuh), deviations arose among his followers and with time heresies became stronger. One of these deviations was the belief in the divinity of Christ. The Quran has clearly rejected this question and the Sunnah has criticized this corrupt faith wherever it has had the opportunity. Including the debate of Imam Reza (AS) with the great Christians, whose report was of course documentary and substantively flawed. This research has documented the evidence used in the arguments of Imam Reza (AS) in Ahdin to strengthen this debate, demonstrate the high capacity of Islam against dissenters, and invalidate the divinity that preachers attempted to spread. The information of this research was collected according to the library method and the arguments of the debate in the three axes of worship, miracles and explanation of contradictions, and then documented in the covenants according to the people whose names were mentioned.

Abstract Critical discourse, in fact, is considered the formative process of discourse analysis, in which, by going beyond the mere description of linguistic data, attention is paid to the effective processes in the formation of discourse. In this type of discourse analysis, two social and linguistic approaches are discussed. In the social approach, discourse is explained as situational context, and in the linguistic approach, textual context is explained. The debates of Imam Reza (a.s.) are full of political, religious and social themes, which Imam (a.s.) has eloquently expressed in the various conditions of the time, to inform and guide people towards truth and justice. This research has analyzed the linguistic and structural interaction of Razavi’s debates with the atmosphere that dominates the society and the thoughts of the interlocutors. The results of this research indicate that Imam (a.s.) was able to create a close bond between the culture ruling the society and the intellectual deviation of the audience by using styles and words compatible with the atmosphere of the debate. His Holiness (PBUH) used words that had a deep meaning and in order to highlight the concepts in question, they used different linguistic connotations. Sometimes, with the use of questioning, he has somehow questioned the beliefs of the other party and challenged and marginalized his speech.

Abstract Razavi poetry is a part of religious poetry and includes poems written about Imam Reza (a.s.). This type of poetry is part of lyrical literature and in it the religious and mystical emotions of the poet are expressed through a poetic and lyrically artistic language. The present research project has been done based on descriptive-analytic method. The aim of it is to answer questions about the ways attributes of lyrical literature are incorporated into the texture of Razavi poetry of Maleko Shoara Bahar and Ali Mousavi Garmarodi. The results from this research show that the content and emotional patterns have been transmitted in the form of mourning hymns, poems describing Imam’s images, states and sufferings. Formal and linguistic features are presented through the use of interrogative, declarative, and exclamatory sentences with special purposes, heavy and light meters, simile metaphor, onomatopoeic arrangement, and musicality of words, all of which are intended for inducing special feelings.

Abstract Razavi’s jurisprudence is a book whose validity and authenticity have been the subject of discussion and exchange of opinions among scholars of Usul and hadith studies. For the first time, this book was seriously entered into the field of hadith and jurisprudence books in the 11th century by Mohagheq Majlisi, and he says about its content that “many of the rulings that our companions have stated, but the documentation of which is not known, are mentioned in this book.” “ Despite the extensive research that has been done on Razavi jurisprudence, no independent research has been done so far in the field of extracting rulings whose documents are unique to Razavi jurisprudence. This is despite the fact that such an important study can help to recognize the role of Razavi jurisprudence in Imami jurisprudence. In this article, some rulings and customs whose documents are unique in Razavi jurisprudence have been researched.The choice between rejection and arash in the cucumber of the defect, the priority of the imam to the imamate, the need to inhale the side in order to avoid the aversion to eating and drinking, detailing the expiation of quarrels while in ihram, putting a distance between the adhan and the iqama with a step, and the requirement of three consecutive days of menstruation. , there are some rulings and customs whose documentation is unique in Razavi jurisprudence.

Abstract The beauty of poetry stems from the harmony and coordination of its elements, which are formed in the sound structure. It demonstrates the proportion and formal balance of the poem through the repetition of words and in accordance with specific linguistic patterns. Structuralists believe that sound structure is the foundation of poetry; therefore, in structural analyses, the superstructure of a work holds greater significance. This article, while providing a deeper understanding of Muhtasham Kashani’s composition in praise of Imam Reza (PBUH), examines its sound structure at three levels—phonic balance, lexical balance, and syntactic balance—using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources. The research findings reveal that phonetic balance, in its quantitative aspect, is achieved by selecting an appropriate meter that aligns with the theme of the poem (panegyric), and in its qualitative aspect, through various methods of vowel and consonant repetition, such as full final phonetic repetition and the use of appropriate verbal and nominal refrains. Lexical balance is achieved through various methods of repeating a linguistic form, either fully or partially, the use of rich and appropriate rhymes, and the use of various types of antithesis and pun. Syntactic balance is created through the proper use of juxtaposition and substitution within the sentence. Moreover, the poet, with a special attention to the possibilities of different components of language, from phonemes to sentences, has highlighted the aesthetic and artistic aspect of his poetry.

Abstract The belief in the afterlife and Resurrection is a fundamental tenet of theistic religions, and even non-theistic faiths exhibit variations of this belief. This study examines the life and teachings of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H) through a novel lens, focusing on the foundational beliefs concerning the afterlife. It seeks to answer the question of whether Imam Reza’s methods of interacting with his audience were systematically engineered or adapted to specific circumstances. Moreover, the study explores the applicability of his methods to the contemporary era. Through a systematic analysis of the Imam’s life and teachings, this research concludes that his methods of preaching, admonition, and counsel—aimed at preparing individuals for the afterlife, promising heavenly rewards, and warning against hellfire—were consistently employed to impart knowledge. The Imam’s innovative approach involved a synthesis of intuitive, rational, empirical, and scriptural methods, leveraging the innate human desire for salvation and employing universal tools such as reason and intuition. His frequent use of sacred texts in dialogues and debates further enhanced his ability to convey religious knowledge. It is argued that the Imam’s methods remain relevant and adaptable to the modern world.

Abstract   The purpose of this research is to analyze the linguistics aspects of the speech of the pilgrims of Imam Reza’s (AS) Holy Shrine.  Therefore, the discourse of pilgrimage in the Holy Shrine is examined from two verbal and non-verbal dimensions. The data of this research has been collected by observation method   and interviews with 20 Iranian Shia or Sunni pilgrims between the ages of 20 and 60 who visited Imam Reza’s Holy Shrine in the summer of 1400. The sampling method was targeted and available. In this research, first the verbal data were analyzed and then the relationship between the non-verbal gestures of the head, including eyebrow, eye and lip movements, as well as hand and foot movements, with the amount of pilgrims’ emotions was investigated. The results of this research show that in the theological dimension, the motivations for visiting the shrine are both material and spiritual, but the spiritual and spiritual motivations, especially obtaining peace of mind, reward and intercession, are more important and evident. In addition to the sensory and spiritual atmosphere, the pilgrims’ sense of peace and security is involved in the Holy Shrine. Among pilgrims’ non-verbal behaviors, hand gestures have the largest contribution in explaining emotional perception. In other words, pilgrims use non-verbal hand gestures to express their inner feelings and emotions more than other organs. In fact, pilgrims speak with their hand movements. This means that they convey different messages with their different hand movements or establish a more effective communication by using their hands.