Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract This research is written with the aim of determining and explaining the foundations of strengthening the family institution in the teachings of the Quran and Hadith and in an analytical-descriptive method, and it states that these foundations can be investigated in the verses of the Quran and the traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) in the two periods before and after marriage. . Since the main pillars of the family are the man and the woman, choosing a worthy spouse before marriage is the most important principle in strengthening the family institution. If the choice of a spouse is made wisely and based on stable principles, then the first step in strengthening the family institution has been taken. The most important principles for choosing a spouse; Being equal in dignity, religion, morals, and the originality of the couple's family. After marriage, good association, moderation and moderation in all stages of life, expression of love and affection, patience in problems and forgiveness of mistakes, knowing each other and mutual understanding and placing justice and fairness in relationships are the most important foundations of strengthening the family institution. They form The result is that careful selection before marriage and good and pleasant morals and good socializing after marriage are the most important factors that can build a strong and stable tent and protect the foundation of the family from possible harm and damage.

Abstract Razavi Culture, rooted in the teachings of Imam Reza (A.S.) and the knowledge of the Ahl al-Bayt, is one of the most valuable aspects of Islamic and Shia culture, playing a crucial role in shaping the religious and social identity of Muslims, especially Shia. The importance of Razavi culture lies in the fact that distancing from it not only affects religious dimensions but can also have profound consequences in social, cultural, political, and identity-related areas. In this regard, this study aims to examine the causes and strategies behind the distancing from Razavi culture among some Iranian citizens and its consequences, analyzing the phenomenon from the perspective of cultural and religious theories.

For this purpose, the qualitative method and Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach were employed. The necessary data were collected from in-depth interviews with 25 individuals from different groups in the city of Tabriz. The results of the research indicate that the focused codes for causal conditions include factors such as social transformation, the decline of institutional legitimacy, secularism discourse, and cultural colonization. In the section on contextual conditions, structural economic crises, cultural pluralism, the collapse of the epistemic system, and instability in the family education system were identified as key contexts. The intervening codes refer to the role of ideological conflicts, a rupture in epistemic mediation, the haste in global integration, and the consumerist information market.

Finally, considering two strategies of acceptance and resistance by society, which were presented as individual reactions to this phenomenon, the consequences of distancing from Razavi culture manifested as a legitimacy crisis, nationalism and ethnocentrism, social-political divergence, decline in soft power, secularization of political discourse, collapse of normative order, identity vacuum, erosion of social solidarity, identity entropy, and disintegration of the educational structure.

Abstract One of the fundamental duties of Islam is enjoining good and forbidding evil. The appearance of some narrative evidence indicates the necessity of this obligation. On the other hand, there are narrations that list the limitations for the establishment of obligation. Zahir, one of the narrations transmitted by Imam Reza (a.s.) is a guide to the unworthiness of giving advice because it is unfortunate for the audience. This essay is based on a descriptive-analytical method in order to assess the correlation of this hadith with the guiding evidences on the duty of commanding what is good and forbidding what is bad. In order to achieve this goal, the possible reasons for the Imam's refusal to give advice have been highlighted and criticized as follows: the advice is seditious, it is not effective in the audience, the advice is instructive, and the obnoxious action in question is not included in the level of negation. In the last step, with the benefit of the significance analysis of the evidences showing the conditions for the obligation of this obligation in the field of being effective, as well as the guiding traditions on the conditions of effective advice, the selected point of view has been organized. The evaluation of the research is that relying on some historical documents and jurisprudential evidences, it is necessary that the narration is related to things that there is certainty about the ineffectiveness of admonition.

Abstract Abstract
Cultural and artistic industries, due to their impact on cultural identity and their crucial role in the creative economy, require effective marketing strategies. Despite the significance of this field, limited research has focused on identifying the dimensions and components of marketing strategies in these industries. Therefore, the main question of this study is: What are the dimensions and components of marketing strategies in the Astan Quds Razavi Institute of Artistic Creations, and how are the relationships between these dimensions structured. This qualitative research was conducted using thematic analysis through coding and causal cognitive mapping with the UCINET software. In the first phase, a review of relevant academic articles from the past ten years was conducted, leading to the selection of 60 articles. Then, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight experts from the institute using purposive sampling. Finally, causal cognitive mapping was employed to explain the relationships among the identified components.The findings revealed a total of 170 basic themes and 40 organizing themes. The marketing strategies at the Astan Quds Razavi Institute of Artistic Creations encompass seven overarching themes: environmental analysis, market segmentation, positioning, targeting, product, pricing, and advertising. Additionally, the relationships among these variables indicate that marketing strategy dimensions are not only significant independently but also interact dynamically, forming a comprehensive and interconnected system. Among them, targeting and environmental analysis have the greatest impact.The proposed model can serve as an effective tool for enhancing marketing efforts in cultural and artistic industries, strengthening the institute’s competitive position in the market.

Abstract Reverse glass painting, as an ancient genre in Islamic art of Iran, with its unique combination of color and transparency, has served as a medium for narrating stories and conveying religious concepts within the Shiite context. In this regard, the representation of miracles and symbols associated with Imam Reza in reverse glass paintings holds particular significance. The artworks preserved in the Museum of Reverse Glass Painting in Tehran reflect diverse manifestations of such symbolic imagery in the form of halos of light, sacred footprints (Qadamgah), and animal motifs.
The aim of this study is to analyze the visual and semantic structures of symbols attributed to Imam Reza (A.S.) in seven selected paintings from the museum. The central research question asks: What symbolic reflections of Imam Reza are identifiable in the composition, color palette, and arrangement of animal and spatial elements in these artworks?
The research method is qualitative and follows a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through library research and field observation, and analyzed using a semiotic-symbolic framework, focusing on the themes of “The Guardian of the Deer” (Zāmen-e Āhū) and the event of Imam Reza’s poisoning.
Findings reveal that the artists, through symmetrical arrangement of elements, symbolic use of colors, and the employment of halos and animal signs such as deer, camel, and wolf, reinforce concepts such as intercession, mercy, the contrast between sanctity and worldly threats, and the transcendence of time and space.
The convergence in visual structure alongside qualitative differences in execution highlights the variety of narrative techniques and emphasizes multiple layers of meaning.
Analyzing these symbols not only unveils the depth of meaning in the artworks but also facilitates understanding the cultural and religious significance of reverse glass painting in conveying Shiite teachings, particularly in relation to the lofty status and character of Imam Reza .

Abstract Throughout history, European travel writers and tourists interested in visiting the Razavi Shrine often traveled to Mashhad without knowing the specific rules of the Razavi Shrine and its sanctuaries. During their travels, tourists would ask their Muslim companions, who were on their way to visit the Shrine, They rarely mentioned in their travelogues any reports of their fellow travelers not being accepted, or any complaints or grievances about the regulations for travelers in pilgrimage caravans. However, when they arrived in Mashhad, based on their goals, which were mostly to tour and visit the historical complex of the Holy Shrine, They would encounter an unexpected challenge that would make them tired of the journey. Preventing non-Muslims from visiting the Holy Shrine was a problem during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, which made European tourists very reluctant to travel to Mashhad. The research method in this study is quantitative and qualitative with a descriptive approach based on events taken from European travelogues in the 13th and 14th centuries AH. This research seeks to find the answer to the question: What measures or reactions did non-Muslim travel writers have in order to create a ban on the Holy Shrine? This research seeks to find the answer to the question: What measures or reactions did non-Muslim travel writers have in order to create a ban on the Holy Shrine? The findings of this study indicate that a large number of them were subject to the legitimate laws and current regulations of the Holy Shrine and public opinion. Therefore, after understanding the limitations, they preferred not to even approach the sanctum sanctorum. Some people also entered the shrine of Imam Reza through legal channels and influence, and a few people have also visited or reported on the holy shrine using subtle tricks and special tricks.

Abstract Coins, as valuable material objects, possess various cultural functions beyond their economic role. Due to these cultural functions, from the late Qajar period, coins known as Ziyarat-Neshan were minted in Mashhad. Additionally, starting in 1950 CE (1328 SH), Astan Quds Razavi minted Imam Reza (AS) Birth Coins for use in religious ceremonies, which became a cultural symbol. Over time, these birth coins gained diverse functions within this significant endowment and were minted and widely used over three decades. No prior research has explored the functions of Ziyarat-Neshan and Imam Reza (AS) Birth Coins. Thus, this article addresses the key question: What functions did Ziyarat-Neshan and Imam Reza (AS) Birth Coins serve at Astan Quds Razavi? This historical study, conducted through library-based research using Astan Quds Razavi documents and Mashhad-printed newspapers, reveals that the newly minted coins, known as Ziyarat-Neshan in Mashhad and Imam Reza (AS) Birth Coins in Tehran, served multiple functions within this major endowment. They were distributed as gifts to guests on occasions such as Imam Reza’s (AS) birth anniversary, Imam Hussein’s (AS) birth anniversary, and Nowruz. Moreover, they were presented as blessed tokens to notable domestic figures such as athletes, ministers, courtiers, and foreign dignitaries—including presidents, ministers, their entourages, and other prominent pilgrims—participating in the shrine’s dust-clearing ceremonies. Additionally, a significant portion of the Imam Reza (AS) Birth Coins, due to their spiritual significance, were sold as blessed items in the Astan Quds Razavi Museum.
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Abstract Believers believe in the guidance of reason and in the explicitness of the Quran and traditions that God has the power to accomplish everything. Their belief has faced a challenge of this kind: does this belief even include impossible things (such as the heavens and the earth and what is between them being swallowed in a seed)? The issuance of which requires the occurrence of things such as the placement of large objects in small objects. At different times, numerous people (Iblis, Abu Shakir Disani, etc.) have asked this question of Jesus Christ, Imam Ali, Imam Sadiq, and Imam Reza (peace be upon them). In one of these narrations, which Ibn Babawayh attributed to Imam Reza (AS) in his book Al-Tawhid, the Imam explicitly gave a positive answer to this question (inherent possibility) and emphasized its occurrence (in the form of an analogy of the reflection of the form of large objects in the eye). The present article seeks to examine this statement and its attribution to Imam Reza (AS) and, in the first step, attempts to examine its chain of transmission and meaning.
In the second step, he shows evidence from the Quran and narrations that confirm it. In the third step, this article highlights the challenges that we will face if we adhere to and accept this narration. (Incompatibility with the obvious rule of reason, conflict with numerous narrations, etc.) and in the last step, it tries to provide an aspect (such as the Imam's response relying on the weakness of the questioner's understanding) for the possibility of accepting this news and the possibility of its issuance by Imam Reza (AS).

Abstract One of the fundamental challenges in Islamic societies is the emergence of sedition, which threatens their security and social cohesion by creating an atmosphere of doubt and mixing truth with falsehood, and leads to the distortion of the religious and social foundations of the society's individuals. Given the importance of this issue, in order to achieve a society immune to sedition, it seems essential to recognize the components that provide immunity in dealing with them. The infallible Imams, especially Imam Ali and Imam Reza, have repeatedly described seditions and their consequences and have expressed effective solutions for dealing with seditions. This research aims to identify the immunity-giving components in the lives of these two Imams and to design a practical model for dealing with contemporary seditions. For this purpose, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Quranic verses and reliable narrational sources, the speeches of Amir al-Mu'minin and Imam Reza were examined in terms of immunity-giving components And a practical model for dealing with contemporary seditions is presented. The findings indicate that, in addition to common components such as adherence to the Quran, piety, insight, and patience, Imam Ali's life is focused on principles such as the implementation of justice, unity, and Imam Reza's life is focused on debates, educating a scientific generation, and taqiyyah. The research achievement is the extraction of a "sedition cycle management model" in four stages: prevention, detection, confrontation, and repair, which is presented as a three-level operational framework (individual, social, structural) for building immunity against contemporary seditions.This model can serve as a roadmap for cultural and social institutions in intelligently confronting the seditions of the present era.

Abstract Correct debate and good argument, as a place for ideas to meet, due to the combination of two aspects, positive-affirmative and negative-other, has a direct and deep connection with the identity structure of the individual, group and society, and is able to play an important role in defining the boundaries to play an identity On the other hand, it is necessary to pass from the reductionist approaches to the investigation of the life of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and to review and rewrite it with the aim of knowingly understanding their identity-building life as a model for creating the present and the future in the Islamic society. The mission of this study is to answer the question that Imam Reza's (pbuh) debates, with the aim of reaching the dimensions and identity-building aspects of Imam Reza's (a.s.) debates, were created in the face of the identity threats created by the false front, whose prominent symbol in that era was the Abbasid caliphate. What was its effect and the functions of what it was. Based on this, the functions of the Prophet's debates are divided into three areas: determining, distinguishing and protecting. The maximum monitoring of issues, questions and doubts and the presentation of various evidences and documents from internal and other sources in the debates, not only led to the establishment and determination of the Shiite identity and its distinction from non-identities, but its epistemological resolution guaranteed the identity security for the Shiite discourse.Based on the teachings of religion, it can be used as a strategy for the identification of individuals and societies.

Abstract کاربست رویکرد تاریخ انگاره در کنار رویکردهای تاریخ اجتماعی ،تاریخ فرهنگی،تاریخ تمدن و...در مطالعه منابع اسلامی ، ضمن پدیدآیی افق های جدید در شناخت منابع ، موجب ارائه برخی گزاره های ناهمخوان با باورهای مذاهب اسلامی گشته است.استفاده از این رویکرد ضمن ایجاد خودآگاهی نسبت به پارادایم درون دینی ، تعامل با پارادیم های جدید را فراهم می سازد. فرقه واقفه یکی از چالش برانگیزترین موضوعات امامیه به دلیل گستردگی روایات مرتبط با آن و ناکافی بودن ساختارهای سنتی علومِ فرق شناسی و رجال ، فهم و تحلیل آن را در چارچوب های کلیشه ای قرار داده که برای توصیف و بیان چرایی رفتار شیعیان امامیه ناکافی می باشد. کاربست رویکرد تاریخ انگاره ای با تعاریف منقح ، ظرفیت های جدیدی برای توصیف و تبیین افتراق درونی جریان شیعه در آن مقطع تاریخی فراهم ساخته و امکان پاسخگویی به از برخی نتایج ناشی از رویکردهای تاریخی را میسر می سازد. طرحواره ای که با بررسی تاریخ انگاره های امامیه استخراج می شود ، جریان شیعه امامیه در دوران حیات ائمه (ع) در بستر کوفه و شرایط دشوار تاریخی در عین التزام بر اصول معین ، پیرامون اصولی درحال آزمون و تحقیق بوده و تطبیق برخی انگاره ها ،امکان بروز رفتارهای مختلف را محتمل می ساخت.شرایط بحرانی حبس و درگذشت مبهم امام کاظم (ع) ، موجب تنش شدید انگاره ای درون امامیه و در ارتباط با دیگر جریان ها بر محور برخی از انگاره های مألوف امامیه و هویت یابی جریان هایی از توقف کنندگان در حالت های : قطعیت امامتِ امام رضا(ع)، توقف در شک نسبت به امامت امام رضا(ع) یا درگذشت امام کاظم(ع) ، غلو ، تاویل و تطبیق تأویل انگاره های غیبت و قائمیت گردید. واقفه تاویل گر با تاویل برخی روایات و اصرار بر آن و گسست انگاره ای از امامیه ، مذهب واقفی را پدید آوردند.

Abstract معماری اسلامی و تزیینات وابسته به آن با توجه به حجم و زمان ماندگاری نسبت به هنرهای اسلامی دیگر از اهمیت خاصی در بین هنرهای اسلامی برخوردارند. انواع هنرهایمعماری اسلامی و تزیینات وابسته به آن با توجه به حجم و زمان ماندگاری، نسبت به هنرهای اسلامی دیگر، از اهمیت خاصی در بین هنرهای اسلامی برخوردار می باشند. انواع هنرهای بصری اسلامی اعم از طراحی، خوشنویسی، آینه -کاری، گچ ‌کاری و ... در معماری و تزیینات وابسته به آن در اماکن مذهبی قابل مشاهده ‌است که نقش موثری در بیان اصول دین اسلام از جمله توحید دارند. از جمله موارد آن، تزیینات به‌ کار رفته در حرم رضوی است که چگونگی ارتباط آن با مفهوم توحید و تأثیرگذاری آنها بر اعتقادات مخاطبان مسئله شایسته پژوهش است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و تصاویر میدانی به بررسی ارتباط تزیینات در معماری حرم رضوی بر تقویت اصل توحید در اعتقادات مخاطبان پرداخته ‌است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از این است که تزیینات موجود در حرم رضوی در نمای خارجی، حیاط، گلدسته ها، آینه کاری، ستون ها، گنبد، کتیبه ها، گچ بری، علاوه بر زیبایی ظاهری برای هر زائر عامی و خواص، دارای زیبایی درونی می‌باشد که مطابق با فطرت انسانی می‌باشد و انسان مسلمان با دیدن تزیینات حس خوشایند درونی را تجربه می ‌کند و خواهان این تجربه شیرین به دفعات می‌‌ باشد. طر‌ح‌ها و نقش ‌های اسلامی که در معماری بناهای اسلامی جلوه‌ گری می‌کنند با زبان اشاره‌ها با مخاطبان ارتباط برقرار می‌کنند و هر مخاطبی با توجه به خودسازی و آمادگی درونی خویش که از قبل در خود ایجاد کرده‌است؛ رمز و رازهای هنر اسلامی که مهم‌ترین آن ‌ها روح توحید و یگانگی می ‌باشد را به تدریج درک می‌ کند.

Abstract "Pretending" is a social harm that, although it is also felt in communications between ordinary people in society, recognizing pretense and correctly confronting a pretender who is in government positions is much more complex and difficult due to the various sources of power. In this article, pretense is considered as a "cultural-communicational harm" and the goal is to explain the pattern of Imam Reza's confrontation with Ma'mun as a pretender who is in the highest ranks of the government. To achieve this pattern, the method of text hermeneutics with an "interrogative and author-centered" approach and content analysis were used to collect data from the narrations and life of Imam Reza and to analyze the data. By examining the lexical meaning of the word "tolerance" and carefully examining the narrations in this field and applying it to the life of Imam Reza, as well as analyzing the content of Imam Reza's verbal and non-verbal actions, 44 basic themes, 6 organizing themes, and one comprehensive theme were obtained. “Foresightful tolerance”, “measurement in actions”, “exposing pretense while tolerating the pretense”, “benevolence and observing expediency”, “observing Islamic principles”, and “strict confrontation in case of ineffective tolerance” are 6 organizing themes that are placed under “wise tolerance” as a comprehensive theme. “wise tolerance” should be considered as a communication principle in confronting pretense. The wise attribute of the spirit is the governing tolerance in confronting the pretense. In fact, tolerance is done with the pretense person, not with his pretense. It is suggested that the model of confronting pretense agents in the current situation be the subject of another article and that by updating the model obtained from this article, the current model of confronting pretense can be drawn.

Abstract Cohesion is a fundamental concept in linguistics that examines the factors of connectivity and relationships between sentence components, inter-sentential relations, and the overall text structure. This term, introduced by functional linguists in the field of discourse analysis, comprehensively studies the role of cohesive components in text formation and organization. Imam Reza's (PBUH) monotheistic sermon is a religious text with profound monotheistic content and literary richness, in which the Imam (PBUH) has artfully and intelligently utilized cohesive elements to create a coherent and systematic structure. This research uses the bases of Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan's textual cohesion theory to examine the conjunctive and lexical cohesion factors of this sermon. The present study, while analyzing conjunctive, lexical, and rhetorical cohesive components, systematically examines the interdiscursive relations and the role of these elements in the sermon's structure and the transmission of philosophical concepts. The research findings indicate that among the conjunctive elements, the additive conjunction "and" has the highest frequency in the text, and at the lexical level, the Imam (PBUH) has artistically employed various lexical cohesion elements such as antonymy, opposition, and semantic fields. These lexical elements, formed based on syntagmatic relations in the speech chain, have played a more prominent and influential role in creating textual cohesion. The results of this research clearly demonstrate that using Halliday and Hasan's cohesion theory, while identifying cohesive elements in religious texts, one can scientifically and methodically explain how these elements influence text formation and the clear, unambiguous transmission of profound philosophical and religious concepts.