Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract  
A significant portion of Imam Reza’s (a) hadiths is dedicated to the subject of Imamate. Thus, examining these hadiths from various perspectives is of considerable importance. This article aims, using a historical approach, to identify the components of Imamate from the Imam’s viewpoint and to understand their connection to the historical context of his time. Accordingly, the research question here is: what meaningful relationship exists between the historical context contemporary with Imam Ali ibn Musa (a) and the thematic diversity of the hadiths on Imamate attributed to him?
Based on the political and cultural atmosphere of the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries AH, it is evident that issues of leadership and Imamate in the Islamic community were still among the most contentious challenges among Islamic sects and denominations. Consequently, the numerous hadiths of Imam Reza (a) on the topic of Imamate are directly related to the crises and challenges of his time, including issues of caliphate and elective leadership, the permissibility of appointing a lesser figure over a more qualified one, the prioritization of caliphs, intra-Shi’a sects, and extremist factions. Among the Imam’s most significant actions to address these doubts and challenges was establishing the legitimacy of the Imamate of Ahl al-Bayt (a) by focusing on the components of divine appointment and the elevated status of the Imams, the virtues and superiority of Imam Ali (a), knowledge and infallibility, divine authority, and the obligatory obedience to the Imam. Each of these components clearly reflects Imam Ali ibn Musa’s (a) views on the differences, weaknesses, and errors in the perspectives of contemporary sects.

Abstract Imamology is one of the most important issues of Shiites and one of the most important issues of Shiite society. Shiite Imams have played a significant and very important and irreplaceable role in the religious and political events and issues of the Islamic society throughout the history of Islam. Recognition of the position of Shiite Imams in Muslim societies in different eras and the personal, social, political dimensions and personality of those Imams in different centuries has led to various social and political discourses. Accordingly, recognizing and explaining the sources that can pave the way for acquiring knowledge of the life and manners and traditions of the Imams (as) is of great importance, and it can be a shining light for the believers of the tradition of the pure Imams (as). This approach first deals with the relationship between religion and politics, and in the next step clarifies the type of government and its structure in Muslim societies, especially Shiites. This study seeks to identify and explain the life sources of Imam Riḍā (as) using the library method and descriptive-analytical method. The result of this research indicates that the life of Imam Riḍā (as) has been reflected in various sources including: general history books, books of hadith, Arabic and Persian poems, prayer books, geographical books, travelogues and new researches.

Abstract This article seeks to study the theoretical and transactional views of Imam Riḍā (as) in the domain of Imam and Imamate through the Practical Discourse Analysis Method "PDAM".
The discovery of the essential signs related to the issue of Imamate, sovereignty, and governance in this sermon reflects the theoretical and transtheoretical views of the Imams (as) based on Islamic and Qur’ānic principles.
The discourse of Imam and Imamate from the perspective of Imam Riḍā (as) with various articulations and by creating intertextual relations between this discourse and the existing discourses in the narrations and the statements of the Prophet (pbuh) and other infallible Imams (as) represent the existence of a "grand theory of Imamate" in the sphere of Islamic sovereignty, which considers the Imam to be one who must have four attributes "appointed by God", "ruler of the Islamic society", "universal leader" and "savior of humanity". These four attributes during the eleven infallible Imams have not been fully realized due to unfavorable conditions, which will fully emerge in the period of the Twelfth Imam, al-Mahdi (as).

Abstract This article attempts to present and examine some aspects of netilization and the dimensions of the discursive conflict in the process of accepting Imam Reza's viceroy. Since the acceptance of the Supreme Leader by Imam took place in a particular political atmosphere, his extensive efforts to get away from the intellectual, political and social system of the enemy (rival discourse) and its negation is important in linguistic and practical ways. What is certain is that Raḍavī's political discourse, in the context of the general discourse of Imamate and Wilāyat, and influenced by historical and prolonged conflicts over the discourse of "caliphate and monarchy," has shown various aspects of conflict and oppression.
The results of this study show that Raḍavī's discourse has succeeded in expanding its semantic system and political thought in public opinion of the society and becoming a comprehensive discourse (hegemonic). The use of literature and the methodology of discourse analysis, especially the proposed approach by Laclau and Mufa, is a distinguishing feature of this article that has so far been less widely considered and used.

Abstract Al-Kāfī Twelver Shīʿī ḥadīth collection by Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb al-Kulaynī is one of the most important ḥadīth collections of Shi'ites. Some orientalists have studied the differences between this book and other Shi'ite hadith collections, Basâ'ir al-darajât, and concluded that although the book of Al-Kāfī is similar to 'Basāer al-Dārājat in content, representing the dominant atmosphere of the city of Qom, but because it has addressed the rationalist Shi'a of Baghdad, it has chosen the modest way in the choice of hadiths and their arrangement; and unlike the book of Basâ'ir al-darajât, things that have extraordinary content, such as infinite knowledge of the Imams, the abnormal sources of these sciences, and the ability to revive the dead, are not mentioned in this book. In this study, a comparison was made between the two books of Al-hojah Al-Kāfī and Basâ'ir al-darajât, and common and uncommon Hadiths and sections of the two books were extracted in order to answer the question whether the book of Al-hojah Al-Kāfī and Basâ'ir al-darajât differentiate between the characteristics of Imamate and the virtues of the Imams (P.B.U.T.), which has been raised in Basâ'ir al-darajât, is really neglected by al-Kulaynī. Finally, one of the sections which was only stated in Al-Kāfī (Special and comprehensive section in the virtues and traits of the Imam) was analyzed by the method of content analysis and it became clear that, contrary to the claims, this detailed narration of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) speaks of Divine Appointment, Infallibility and Unlearned Science as the characteristics of the Imam and attributes of Imamate.

Abstract Propagation has a prominent place in Islam. In addition to the Holy Quran, the way of Imams lives is also considered as a backrest of monotheism front and filled with methods, call experiences and promotion of divine religion. In this way and with considering the fact that Ahl –Albait narrations addresses all people during all periods, this research studies the most important instruments, grounds and propagation technics in Razavi culture with a descriptive – analytical approach and with referring to several valid narrative sources. In this research we concluded that Imam Reza used the vicegerent lever and participating in debate meetings the most, to promote the Islamic culture. One of the most prominent features of Razavi propagation paradigm was paying attention to audience's talent and wisdom level. Regulating the massages proportional to their situation and understanding and recommended this to his propagandists. In addition to propagating ideological Shia and trying for Islamic wakefulness in cultural part, his propagation concentrated on training cultural elites, confronting cultural clash between Islamic world and west and also promoting Islamic life style.

Abstract The theory of "Argumentation" serves as an aspect of discourse which aims at presenting an argument to bring about an internal influence within the addressees. The process is carried out through the utilization of linguistic elements in discourse. In the present era, one might use this new method of discourse analysis to open up a new way to the authentic heritage of Imam Reza (A.S). In line with the necessities of his time and along with purification of theological discussions, Imam Reza (A.S) adopted an argumentative discourse and a guidance-oriented approach to maximally use the reasoning potential of his addresses. In addition to the scientific explanation of the argumentation theory, the study at hand has set out to answer this question: According to Imam Reza (A.S)'s doctrine, which themes serve as the main axioms of the theological arguments? Regarding the research method, the study has employed a descriptive-analytical approach. Consequently, after specification of the conceptual boundaries of the term argumentation and similar terms such as polemic, sermon, argument and persuasion, the contemporary approaches to this theory are used to categorize the themes of Divine Oneness, Imamate, and Prophecy as the frequent themes of those traditions received from Imam Reza (A.S), based on argumentative discourse. In the eyes of the authors, the Imamate theme – as the most frequent theme in Imam Reza's (A.S) theological arguments – has not only been a necessity of the time, but also an indication of a necessity in Shi'a school and Imam Reza's (A.S) cultural advice on the necessity of equipping the Shi'a with different means to prove the principle of Imamate. In other words, as a result of using this discursive style, the concept of the Imamate of the Prophet's Family (A.S) – as one of the main issues of the Muslim society and the essence of Shi'a school – receives more attention. 

Abstract Miracle-working by the Infallibles (Masoumin) is one of the most important theological issues regarding Imamate and many cases of miracle-working by Imams have been reported in Imamia narrative sources. However, some including Mu'tazilite believes that Miracles are uniquely worked by prophets and Imamate does not include miracles. Given the importance of miracle working in Imamate discussions on one hand, and the fact that many miracles have been worked by Imams on the other hand, and considering Imam Reza's Imamate era and the miracles worked by him, this paper seeks to explore and analyze the principles and types of miracles by Imam Reza through Imamia narrative legacy.
Among miracles by Imam Reza (PBUH) are: knowing the unknown, the occult and what's going to happen, knowing many languages as well as languages of animals, God's answering his prayers, healing, virtual travel from one place to another (tay al-arz), animals' acquaintance with him, his presence in some people's dreams with recommendations for them, access to natural treasures and knowing about people's daily actions. 

Abstract imamat is one of the important principles of Shia, and from political point of view, it forms the basis of political thoughts in this sect. Accordingly, leading the society based on the infallible imams’ viewpoints has always been emphasized in Shia’s literature in order to gain prosperity for individuals and community. Meanwhile, derivation of components of politics is one of the primary necessities which has to be taken in to account to gain the happiness. This article takes an attempt to investigate imam-Reza’s components of politics through searching in his sira, for it was driven from divine principles and should be a basis for arranging the political and social occasions in an Islamic country. The results of the descriptive-analytical method indicate that politics in sira of imam Reza contains principles such as negation of tyrant sovereignty and prohibition of cooperation with them, dissimulation (taqia), expediency, and nonviolence – besides the other political considerations.

Abstract In the study of Rational explanation and narrative role of leadership and the need for compliance from the perspective of the Imam Imam Reza (AS)  is discussed. In this direction, the necessity Imam, Imam conditions and characteristics, how to choose the Imam, Imam and how to become a way of proving the Imamate of Imam Mahdi and the reasons for the movement of Imam Reza (AS) is discussed. The main findings are:
1. Some of the most important requirements Imam from the perspective of the Imam Imam Reza (AS), is that the land is not and never will be without an Imam. Otherwise, your people swallow down. No proof of God's existence is not possible for you, because God the order being placed. Imam seeds dispersed a community, and that they had gathered under the special system, promotes communication and leadership, control of religion and the Muslims and the world of people and led to the reform of self and dignity from the faith.
2. Some of the main features of Imam including solvent God, God's halal and haram, haram is, the commands to foot, the Imam as the moon is bright, clean of sin, as well as its unique and others It is not. " And the sum of his three features, his status with God, his relationship with the people and the character is spiritual and scientific leader.
3. Determine the Imam and the Imam can detect the identification and selection of people, because humans can recognize who is a top official in the scientific and spiritual trait is innocent of any crime. People can see with their own ideas and experience who has the authority to replace God. Only God knows the hearts of all human beings and knows that the most qualified staff to carry the burden of the loan and the reign of God is.
4. Some of the main ways to prove the Imams including their verification by the former prophets, correct and reasonable presentation with compelling reasons and coordinated in accordance with the teachings of the prophets of the past, they have a moral and intellectual elite and human behavior providing miracles to prove his prophet hood and a special relationship with God, you are registered.
5 reasons to accept the necessity of the Imam, according to Imam Reza (AS) is that if God is love and friendship Infallible Imams of the Prophet (PBUH) because it has been made obligatory on the faithful to the love and friendship, to abide by the Mission reward wanted, in the interests of and rewarding for you or your reward is God pulpit. "

Abstract Although it was not an unprecedented issue to name a person from Ahl-al-Bayt as the last Imam and Expected Mahdi, a group of Shiites considered Imam Kazem (PBUH) as Expected Mahgi and Qa’em and thus rejected his demise and refused to accept Imam Reza as the next Imam. They were known as Waqifite. Since they posed a serious threat to Shia’s noble mentality, Imam Reza paid special attention to them and allocated much time and effort to deal with their issue. Thus, analyzing the nature of this incident and those involved has been a subject of interest for the researchers and analysts of Islamic studies. Although remarkable and valuable literature has so far been authored regarding introducing this faction, an analysis on the mutual relations and positions between Imam Reza and Waqifite is less accounted for. With descriptive -analytical method and in library-collection manner, this article examines the issue of Waqifite on two main bases: 1) What Waqifite is and who they are; 2) how Imam Reza confronted them.

Abstract One of the main characteristics of Imam Reza's menology was his encounters with the representatives of other religions in the context of debates which turned into an arena for protecting Islamic ideologies, Imamate, Shia's legitimate beliefs and especially his rightfulness and competency to Imamate and Caliphate while al-Ma'mun –the Abbasid Caliph- sought to benefit from such debates otherwise. His solid arguments, citation to first-hand sources of Abrahamic religions and full knowledge over the languages and interpretations of Holy Scriptures are among the most amazing features of these debates which led to Imam Reza's victory and the other party's failure at the end of each debate.
This article answers questions including: Discourse-analysis speaking, how are Imam Reza's debates analyzed? What aspects of the both parties of such debates are revealed during these analyses? What are the characteristics and capacities of Imam Reza's debates in terms of verbal communication and religious propagation?
By answering these questions, this paper seeks to view these debates differently and examine them critically by applying critical discourse analysis in form of variables and functional items. Exploring Imam Reza's debates with the representatives of other religions and sects with an eye on words, perspective, metaphor, historical coherence, citation and structural emphasis indicates that though proving his rightfulness and rejecting the other party's claims, Imam Reza avoided unethical dispute and used such debates as a platform to prove Imamate and the Holy Prophet's Seal of Prophecy through precision, accuracy, politeness and respect.

Abstract The issue of Imam Reza's succession to Caliphate in Abbasid Court was the most important political matter ever happened during the political history of the Imams. Al-Ma'mun offered the caliphate seat, for which his ancestors fought and struggled for many years and he willingly killed his own brother to have, to his family's rival through insist and threats and without any price to pay. Despite his ancestors' legitimate struggle to take back this seat, Imam Reza refused to accept the succession.
  This event brought up different assumptions for many researchers. With a political hypothesis and exploring some opinions that attribute Mu'tazilites or Shiite notions to al-Ma'mun, an with a brief eye on the issue of Imamate from the Shiite and Mu'tazilites points of view, this paper examines the succession issue outside the boundaries of political motivations and introduces the religious beliefs of the both parties involved as well as their political stands as effective factors in their insists and denials over the issue.