Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract By the development of the sociology of religion, pilgrimage as a social religious activity has also received the attention of social science researchers. In the phenomenological approach creatively, activists experience the principle of social action, and this lived experience emerges in the consciousness of others in an inter-subjective way. This research was conducted with the aim of understanding the knowledge and understanding of the lived experience of pilgrims and how to construct the phenomenon of pilgrimage and understand the meaning of the experience of pilgrimage by paying attention to the inter-subjective sharing of the pilgrims of the shrine of Imam Riḍā (pbuh) based on a phenomenological approach. The main technique used in this research is the interview, and a situation has been created for the pilgrim to describe his view of the experienced world using his own language and words. Interviews were conducted based on the religiosity conceptual model of Shojaizand with 5 samples of men with different personality types and the following results were obtained: Pilgrimage has cognitive, emotional and practical aspects. Pilgrims in the cognitive dimension seek to gain knowledge about the Imam and recognize the fact that the Imam is a mediator to reach his god; therefore, they pay attention to the Imam’s kindness towards them. In the emotional dimension, the pilgrimage brings a sense of peace and humility through individual and collective worship in the shrine of Imam Riḍā (pbuh) and the observance of morals by the pilgrims as much as possible. In the practical aspect, pilgrims demonstrate their adherence to the law by performing certain rituals and paying attention to individual and collective tasks.  

Abstract This article has been done in order to examine the content of the speeches of the shrine in the decade of dignity. Its analysis is based on the three key dimensions of the Islamic revolution, religious culture and Razavi culture, using 59 lectures and a codebook. The method used in this study is content analysis. The findings show that 80% of the lectures are suitable for content analysis. The most lectures in Imam Khomeini’s portico were given by Mr. Mandegari and Mr. Aali with an average duration of 31 minutes. About 80% of the lectures were public and 20% were only for women. In general, the most attention is paid to the religious culture index with 69%, followed by the Islamic Revolution index with 19% and the Razavi culture index with 11%. The most repeated dimensions in the speeches of the Decade of Dignity are: Religious education from the perspective of Islam, dignity and freedom, the role of knowledge in pilgrimage, human dignity in the Qur’an, hypocrisy and hypocrites in Islam, forgiveness and altruism, mother’s position in education, kindness and behavioral kindness, the position of Haḍrat Masoumeh (as), knowledgeable kindness and love, the position of Imam’s descendants (Imam Zādegan), the model of not following the arrogant, compassion and Jihadi management, the relationship between religion and politics, interaction with the deprived, work and entrepreneurship in Islam, protection of Islamic unity, resistance economy, economic and constitutional way and Sheikh Fazlullah; Therefore, it has been concluded that the dispersion of the content of the lectures is high, and on the other hand, some speakers have also tried to develop the scope of their concepts. Some have given short and some long speeches.

Abstract Family is the foundation of society and the first center of its education and health is the first necessity of creating a religious and law-abiding society. On the other hand, the child is the capital entrusted to the parents so that through this passage, his abilities will be actualized and the perfect and creative human being will attain the divine attributes which is the philosophy of creation. The family, which is considered to be the most influential educational unit for children, emerged following social, economic and cultural changes, regrettably in Iran and the world, and in spite of huge industrial progress and greater prosperity, it has faced various open and hidden challenges and has failed to fulfill its mission. Undoubtedly, revitalizing its functions, including raising children, is considered vital. Is Imam Riḍā (as) whose words and behavior are proof and done according to Allah’s will, is he strict on the principles and methods of raising a child after birth in order to achieve educational goals? In these lines, the author has taken a step by reading sources in a library method and presenting them in a descriptive-analytical method, and the source of extracting principles and methods is his theoretical and practical way. The principles of children’s heterogeneity, love, justice and honoring the child with a religious name are of special interest to him. The following educational background methods, some of which are dedicated to the first week of childbirth and some of which are more inclusive, have been emphasized by Imam (as): Mother’s milk, choosing a wise and healthy nurse, saying adhān and iqāmah in the child’s ear, choosing a good name, aqīqah, giving alms according to the weight of the hair, circumcision, healthy nutrition, insisting on prayer, learning the Qur’an, familiarity with the teachings of the thought of Ahl al-Bayt (ah), politeness, praising positive actions, conditioning upbringing, keeping promises and punishing properly. Undoubtedly, if the family and education system is affected by the mentioned approaches, its output will be righteous and law-abiding children.

Abstract This research aims to examine and analyze the monotheistic sermon of Imam Riḍā (as) with an analytical-descriptive form approach, based on the operational method of discourse analysis (Pedam) in five discourse spaces: "theoretical-structural space", "semantic-value space", " communication-identity", "discourse space", and "meta-discourse space"; and then extract and draw the basic signs and finally the semantic map of the said sermon using this method. In order to achieve this goal, the research has tried to decipher Imam Riḍā's (as) expression style in the monotheism sermon, and explain the array of deep philosophical concepts of monotheism, and the discovery of the underlying semantic layers of the sermon and its unspoken explanations, and then extract the discourse that governs it and the processes affecting its. The most important results obtained from the analysis of the monotheistic sermon show the continuity, coherence and harmony of the phrases, the selection and use of familiar and common words that are understandable for the society, the accuracy in the order and arrangement of the words and concepts mentioned, and the musical rhythm arising from the melodious words and phrases and their rhyme, so that all these have caused the style of delivering the sermon to be one of the most eloquent and expressive styles for expressing deep philosophical meanings, and created a text that all its phrases form a coherent map of meaning that is inseparable. In the analysis of this sermon, we also see examples of intertextuality; Imam Riḍā (as) makes the verses of the Qur'an the main focus of his discussion; some parts of the sermon evoke Quranic concepts, and some of them evoke the sayings of Imam Ali (as), which are influential in discovering the discourse space of the sermon. The basic signifiers, meta-discourse and semantic map obtained from the analysis of this sermon indicate its semantic depth about knowing Almighty Allah, which briefly includes the following: 1. complete faith in Allah; 2. the lack of difference between essence and Allah's attributes; 3-Allah is not impressionable.

Abstract During his Imamate, Imam Riḍā (as) was faced with various theological, religious sects. Various sects and trends had emerged among the Shiites. Among the most influential of them - among the Shiites - is the deviant sect Wāqifīyah. The Wāqifīyah sect can be considered the first group within the Shia that made a large number of common people lean towards them with their deviance. A group of knowledgeable people who were actually the lawyers and deputies of Imam Mūsá Kāẓim (as), the honorable father of the eighth Imam. Due to various motivations, they created the sedition of endowment on the Imamate of Imam Mūsá Kāẓim (as). The social status of this sect and other factors caused a large number of nobles and commoners to lean towards Wāqifīyah. The present research, in a descriptive-analytical way, based on Pedam's method of narrative discourse analysis and its completion, has dealt with the approach of Imam Riḍā's (as) communication in dealing with this deviant group. The analysis of structural space and semantic space of Imam Riḍā's (as) speech with the leaders of the Wāqifīyah clearly indicates the decisive position of the eighth Imam in facing this deviant trend. The findings show that imams mostly take an offensive-repulsive approach when dealing with Wāqifī leaders. This approach has the highest frequency with 58%. On the other hand, defensive and absorbing approaches have the lowest frequency with 9 and 10 percent. The Imam's communication approach in dealing with the followers of Wāqifīyah - who had joined this sect with bad intentions - is in most cases an attractive-repulsive, aggressive and repulsive approach. However, this honorable Imam, in dealing with the misguided public or those who are suffering from sedition and doubters regarding the martyrdom of Imam Kāẓim (as), have dealt with an absorbing and absorbing-repulsive approach.

Abstract Nowadays, the purification of human societies from multiplicity and reduction of destructive conflicts and militancy has been the focus of many thinkers with diverse approaches, and peaceful and reconciliation efforts are in search of effective strategies to achieve social solidarity. The main goal of this research is to explain the components of social solidarity by finding effective, contextual, inhibiting variables and consequences in the form of a systematic model. This research is fundamental based on the type of purpose and is qualitative in terms of method and has an inductive approach. For this purpose, by using the data base theory, after collecting the collection of Imam Riḍā's narrations, macro and micro ethical categories of the model are extracted and then the model of social solidarity is presented. The findings show that the realization of social solidarity requires attention to several categories. In this context, ethics, friendship, self-control, forgiveness, peaceful coexistence and providing security are the most important effective variables; and humility, helping others, tolerance and responsibility are the most important foundational categories. The inhibiting variables in this model are: unregulated interaction, spread of corruption, discord, and family breaks. The main consequence of social solidarity is the promotion of dignity and social empowerment.

Abstract   The theory of speech act, one of the components of applied linguistics, entered the field of applied linguistics with the slogan of the activism of linguistic parts of discourse. According to Austin, speaking in a specific language brings regular action in a specific context, so that changes in the behavior and thoughts of language users are manifested after verbal communication. In this sense, the application of this theory in the field of discourse phenomena caused by linguistic communication leads to a deeper and more accurate understanding of texts, especially religious texts. This research has analyzed the theology discourse of Imam Riḍā (as) with descriptive and analytical method and with the approach of language usage based on John Searle's model in discourse act. Therefore, it first mentioned the definitions of the discourse act theory with the opinions of Austin and Searle, and then it analyzed the parts of Imam's (as) speeches about Theology. The results of this research show that Imam Riḍā (as) paid attention to the choice of speech structure and parts of speech, the choice of propositions and the use of words and phrases to the listener's conditions in his discourse on theology which plays an important role in the direction of speech acts. On the other hand, the act of expressive speech has the highest frequency among other speech acts such as persuasive and emotional. This shows that Imam Riḍā (as) found his listeners uninformed and tried to make them aware in the form of interpretation and explanation. However, the implicit verb in the speech of declarative actions also brings a kind of persuasion to the audience.

Abstract Muhammad ibn Hassan Ḥur is one of the Shiite scholars of the 11th century of Hijri and one of the great narrators who has a high position in narrating the Ahl al-Bayt (as) hadiths. In this regard, he authored the book Wasāʾīl al-Shīʿa, which is considered an important reference in its subject. Sheikh ʿĀmili was an expert in intellectual and narrative sciences and has left behind precious works. Ḥur ʿĀmili's reputation in narrating hadith cast a shadow on his other works and put his other works under the shadow of this science. One of the artistic creations of this great scholar is his poetic nature, which is fully manifested in his 15,000 verses poem. The most important subject of Ḥur ʿĀmili's poetry book is the praise and lamentation of the Prophet's progeny. The handwritten version of this poetry book is full of dhikr of Ahl al-Bayt (as), which is written with the beautiful expression of the poet. Since this poetry book has not been published yet, the need to introduce and identify the valuable content of this work is much greater. Among the hundreds of religious and ritual odes in this poetry book, there is only one ode that is dedicated to the praise of Imam Riḍā (as). This poem contains valuable points and its expression is of special importance. One of the results of this research is the recognition of the argumentative dimension of the poet in using rational and narrative reasons in this ode, which is clearly evident in Ḥur ʿĀmili's eulogies centered on Ahl al-Bayt (as).

Abstract Mahmoud Khan Malek al-Shoʿará is a painter and one of the masters of the painting art of the Qājār era in the field of recording urban and historical works. His works have a geometrical proportion and a very precise perspective influenced by Mahmoud Khan's knowledge of mathematics and geometry. The purpose of this research is to study the structural analysis of Mahmoud Khan's painting from the ʿAtīq courtyard of Imam Riḍā (as) as his oldest known oil painting, and also the structural investigation of the features of this painting as a historical document of the ʿAtīq courtyard during the Qājār era. The main questions in this research are as follows: 1. How are the visual and structural features of the ʿAtīq courtyard of Imam Riḍā (as) shrine worked in the work of Mahmoud Khan Malek al-Shoʿará? 2. How is the composition and divisions of the work displayed in the south porch and the clock porch? This research was descriptive, analytical, and collected information in the form of documents (library). The method of analyzing the works is based on the examination of the visual principles and rules used in ʿAtīq courtyard painting. The findings of this research show that Mahmoud Khan Malek al-Shoʿará, one of the great artists and a pioneer in the field of modern painting in Iran during the Qājār era, has recorded the oldest courtyard of the shrine in the Qājār rule period with paintings, and in this work, he has pointed out the exact details that today, according to the changes over time, introduce us to the architecture of that time in the ʿAtīq courtyard. This old work is a documentary painting of Imam Riḍā's shrine during the Qājār era from the ʿAtīq courtyard, and in that painting, the correct perspective, subjectivity, and artistic creativity can be seen.

Abstract The aim of the research is to draw the scientific networks of Imam Riḍā (as) researches, which have been identified with the scientometric approach and by using the co-occurrence analysis of words and the network analysis technique to the conceptual relationships of the research works. To analyze the articles, books and theses in this field, River Matrix, UCINET and NetDraw software were used. The statistical community of the research has formed 4372 research works related to Imam Riḍā (as) including 2423 books, 1305 articles and 644 theses. Rover Matrix software was used to draw co-occurrence maps. The findings showed that Imam Riḍā (as) International Cultural and Artistic Foundation, Āstān Quds Razavi Islamic Research Foundation and Āstān Quds Razavi are organizations active in producing works with the theme of Imam Riḍā (AS) and most of the works were published by men. The authors of the first world congress of Imam Riḍā (as), Muhammad bin Ali ibn Babwayh, and Mohsen Sadeghi are among the most popular writers on the topic of Imam Riḍā (as). Ansari Publications, General Department of Culture and Islamic Guidance of Central Province and Payam Noor University are among the most popular organizations and institutions in publishing works with the highest level of degree centrality. Also, topics with the title: Imam, Ahl al-Bayt, Pilgrim House, and Razavi's Āstān Quds are among the most popular topics. The results of the research indicate the participation of 3814 authors, 1238 universities or institutions in the publication of 12936 works. The low cooperation of scientific research institutions of religious fields such as seminaries and the low participation of students in the production and publication of research works needs serious attention. The field of Persian language and literature has the most participation in the production of works about Imam Riḍā (as).

Abstract "Jihad of explanation" has become one of the most frequent words in the works of analysts of the orders of the Supreme Leader, who in the Arbaʿīn of 1400, in a meeting with students, listed "jihad of explanation" as one of their duties. In this context, examining the religious foundations of this work is of great value; because it gives it a double religious effect. The Jihad of explanation is very important and necessary to remove objections and problems from the field of Islamic knowledge, especially Hadiths and to protect the religion from the enmity of opponents. With this approach, the present research seeks to answer the question of how Imam Riḍā (as) explained the "problem of hadith" of his ancestors and with the help of what approach and method? The following article, while expressing the religious basis of the keyword "Jihad of explanation", has examined the lifestyle of Imam Riḍā (as) within the scope of the book ʾUyun Akhbār al-Riḍā (as). According to the findings of the research, which is based on the documentary method; facing the problem of hadith, Imam Riḍā (as) tried to explain the hadith problem of his ancestors which had caused doubts and questions in the Islamic society with three approaches: "explanation", "denial" and "esoteric interpretation".  The main goal of this research is to show that the Jihad of explanation is a holy matter, that the main strivers of this Jihad are the purified infallible Imams (as); therefore, it is necessary for the Shia community, especially the educated scholars with following the example of the pure Imams (as), strive to explain Islamic teachings and truths, and even to explain the important social and political issues of the society.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a research synthesis of examples and main themes of Razavi's debates based on articles and studies conducted in various magazines and books. Based on this, this study is practical in terms of purpose and the research approach is qualitative. The statistical sample of the research included the research conducted in the field of Imam Riḍā (as) debates, and a total of 66 articles were selected and their abstracts were reviewed. According to the research criteria, 17 articles and 3 reference books were purposefully selected and reviewed. The findings also showed that the debates of Imam Riḍā (as) could be investigated in terms of methodology and content, and in this respect, 25 examples were identified in terms of the debate method and 24 examples in terms of content with the themes of ontology, epistemology and anthropology. As a result, it can be said that the debates of Imam Riḍā (as) in contemporary scientific centers are recommended for thinkers in terms of methods, principles, and the manner of the debate process in challenging scientific issues.

Abstract This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the content of children's prayers in purified Razavi Shrine. In order to achieve this goal, the child's understanding of the concepts related to the content of prayer such as pilgrimage, prayer and Imam Riḍā (as) was investigated. The statistical population in this survey were all children aged 6 to 11 who were present in the Holy Shrine at the time of the research. Considering gender and age diversity and with theoretical understanding, the research sample reached 100 people. The research method used is content analysis and interview research tool. Sampling was by available and random method. The content of their prayers show that material and worldly wishes are much higher than spiritual wishes. Comparing the content of prayers in different ages does not show much difference and the content of material and worldly prayers is more in all ages. Also, the results showed that children are mostly in the exchangeist functionalist category.

Abstract The debates of Imam Riḍā (as) have always been discussed because of his role model and have been discussed in various researches from different aspects. The number and variety of articles published in this field indicate the importance of this issue. The purpose of this research is meta-analysis of articles on the topics of Razavi debates to present and summarize and categorize the findings of the latest scientific efforts made in relation to the subject and review the components used in these studies. Therefore, this article has identified twenty scientific-research articles in Farhang Razavi Quarterly within the framework of qualitative meta-analysis - which is one of the best efforts of researchers to overcome repetitive research – then this article has analyzed and reviewed the studies on Razavi's debates using all the available examples; because the results of this research, on the one hand, fully introduce all the research done on a topic and prevent rework, and on the other hand, by drawing the strengths and shortcomings of the research, it opens up new research horizons for the researchers. The results of this research show that most of the selected articles include topics that deal with general principles in debates such as methodology, goals, foundations, educational axes of debate, free thinking in debate, etc. The most important components of Razavi's debate studies in the mentioned articles in terms of the general principles of debates include moral, scientific and technical principles. The distribution of studies shows that central, north and northeast, west and then south provinces have been more interested by researchers, which is more dependent on the universities where researchers study.

Abstract Every year, a significant number of Shiites in the last days of the month of Ṣafar, especially from the anniversary of the death of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and the martyrdom of Imam Hasan (as), from the 28th of Ṣafar to the day of the martyrdom of Imam Riḍā (as), the 30th of Ṣafar, go on foot to Mashhad al-Riḍā. This ritual, which on the one hand is the end of Muharram mourning and on the other hand honors the Holy Prophet (pbuh), Imam Hasan and Imam Riḍā (as), has become a ritual that can be examined based on the opinions of Mircha Eliadeh, a religious phenomenologist. In the upcoming research, we will analyze this ritual by descriptive analytical method and relying on the views of Mircha Eliade. This research shows that this ritual has all the characteristics of a symbolic and narrative ritual of tashrruf (arrival to pilgrimage) and with its special coherence, it prepares the mentality of the participants for the transition from linear time to sacred time, and on the other hand, it is a systematic introduction to enter the sacred space of Imam Riḍā's (as) shrine. In fact, this ritual is like a window for the worshipers to enter the holy time and place. In addition, the said ritual has multiple functions such as relieving anxiety, enhancing the social personality and strengthening the religious identity of the worshipers.

Abstract Environmental crises are one of the most important challenges of the present century, which can only be overcome by changing the attitude towards nature and creating a firm determination in people. With the aim of transitioning from the domineering attitude of humans to nature, ecologicalists emphasize the components that can be relied on to improve the conditions of the ecosystem. Relying on these components and taking a step in this way requires faith, and if these components can be extracted from the narratives in connection with the beliefs of the general public, the effect will be twofold. In this research, using a descriptive analytical method and from the perspective of cultural studies, we will recognize the narratives related to Imam Riḍā (as) with an ecological point of view. Examining these narratives from the perspective of cultural studies and with an ecological approach can provide new solutions to get rid of environmental crises. Motivating the audience to change their attitude towards the ecosystem is one of these solutions, which is based on symbolism and visual worldview. These solutions are hidden in the narratives related to the life of Imam Riḍā (as) and can inspire the production of media content.

Abstract NLP is a point of view that, by creating a pattern, brings the implicit knowledge of communication to action or the same behavior. This communication model leads people to effective communication by managing the mind and providing practical techniques; because one of the goals and functions of communication in life is to influence the audience and this issue is not possible without knowing and teaching communication techniques. This research is written in a descriptive and analytical method with the aim of achieving the communication model of Imam Riḍā (as) in the field of NLP. And it tests the hypothesis that the educational method of Imam Riḍā (as) has great power as a model in the field of NLP. As a result, the correct communication model was one of the most important educational methods and concerns of Imam Riḍā (as), which by explaining its components in the form of communication with oneself, communication with others, modification of the mental image and continuity of the effect, it is possible to change the behaviors, beliefs and attitudes in the field of communication, and give interactions a divine color with peace and success, which is not only the golden key to success in personal, social and professional life, but also causes self-esteem, positive thinking, flourishing of talent and ultimately feeling satisfied with life.

Abstract The activities of armed groups and heterogeneous religious sects in the first Hijri centuries and by claiming to follow Islam, had caused the world of Islam in cultural aspects, to become a hotbed of discord, arrogance and violence among different Muslim groups and caliphate systems in place at the time. This trend reached its peak at the threshold of Maʾmūn Abbasi’s caliphate period. The enforcement of the successor position upon Imam Riḍā (as) by Maʾmūn  and his presence in Iran, established a good opportunity for Imam (as) for pursuing and implementing the valuable ideals of unity in a society full of chaos. This research, using the analytical-descriptive method while relying on narrative and historical sources and data, attempts to answer, and find the cultural strategies in question that were presumably used by Imam Riḍā (as) to create unity among Muslims as a scholar and a religious leader. The findings of this paper indicate that the Imam (as), based on the guidelines of the Holy Qur’an and Prophetic Sunnah and tradition in his new position at the capital area of Iran, had made the best progress in reaching unity among Muslims by adopting targeted and efficient cultural strategies. His Majesty (as) had considered the essence of the society’s way of thinking and attitude to be the most important element and organized his cultural strategies accordingly. In this context, conversations between Muslims and non-Muslims was pursued instead of ordering the killing of religious opponents. The role and the position of Imam (as) became especially evident in this framework; the focus was put on raising awareness among the scholars and the general public about religious truths and not the illusions of the deviants, and finally, good manners, respect, and the inherent dignity of human beings were further emphasized in all situations.

Abstract A successful manager is someone who, in situations, reaps the best and fastest benefits at times of crisis. In dealing with unusual set of circumstances, a crisis manager provides a reasonable solution to reclaim the fundamental interests and values. These uncustomary occurrences usually get recognized as signs of being a threat to the whole existence of the organization and a rather surprising event, thus, the need for immediate decision and change is fittingly acknowledged. Researchers of various management fields have studied both generalized and specialized behaviors of divine managers to discover the management principles existing within Islamic values. This paper has studied the topic by utilizing the analytical-descriptive method by means of Hermeneutic analysis procedure and a qualitative approach of phenomenology. The following findings answer the inquest regarding the approach of Imam Riḍā (as) to being offered the successor position by Maʾmūn Abbasi. First of all, the mainly related and important components of that era are examined. Furthermore, both opportunity and threat inducing components are studied in the form of contextual and governmental constituents. Then, using the approach of Imam Riḍā (as) in this case, the actions took by His Majesty (as) are examined in managing the crisis at the time, whether it’s related to pre-crisis preventions and preparation or during the crisis itself and post-crisis management proceedings.

Abstract Maʾmūn's approach in confronting Imam Riḍā (as) is unique among the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs; because he took a hypocritical approach to the point that he offered the Imam to accept the government and insisted on him accepting this. The purpose of this article is to analyze the encounter of Imam Riḍā (as) with Maʾmūn as a pretender man. Hence, the main question of the article is to achieve the pattern of confrontation of Imam Riḍā (as) in the face of Maʾmūn's hypocritical actions. The research method is text hermeneutics with an "inferential and author-centered" approach. The findings show that the actions of the Imam in the face of Maʾmūn's pretense can be analyzed in the form of "otherness-maker", "revealing", "insightful" and "expedient" actions that the last action of the Imam prevails the previous three actions. All the actions of the Imam are performed in the realm of "divine will". The prevailing spirit of the Imam's actions is "guidance", which looks at both the individual pretender and the general public in Islamic society, and this is the fundamental difference between the Islamic approach and other approaches. The Imam not only considers the guidance of Maʾmūn as a pretending hypocrite, but in this regard he does not hesitate to provide advice and guidance in the interests of the Islamic society and even to reform his government.

Abstract Wahhabism's enmity with the Ahl al-Bayt of infallibility and purity is not hidden from anyone. Ibn Taymiyyah, as the main flag bearer of this sect, has always tried to deny the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) and make them look like ordinary human beings. With the same approach of denigrating and denying the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (as), he raises doubts about the scientific position of Imam Riḍā (as) and believes that the Shiites have exaggerated his position. Claims such as "Imam Riḍā (as) not being more knowledgeable", "Imam Riḍā (as) not narrating narration", "Islamic scholars not narrating from him", and "Lack of narrations of Imam Riḍā (as) in Siḥāḥ Sittah" has been quoted by ibn Taymiyyah to deny the high position of Imam Riḍā (as). In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and a critical approach, while examining the sayings of Sunni elders and citing narrations in Sunni hadith and commentary books, an attempt has been made to respond to ibn Taymiyyah's claims. The conclusion is that ibn Taymiyyah's claims about the position of Imam Riḍā (as) are nothing more than fallacies and are inconsistent with the views of other Sunni thinkers.

Abstract The funeral and burial of the late Infallible Imam (as) by the living Infallible Imam (as) is one of the topics that has been considered in Shiite theological and jurisprudential thought. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to comparatively study the beliefs of the two schools of Qom and Baghdad in this regard. Examining the approach and perspective of the two schools of Qom and Baghdad, it becomes clear that the school of Qom, by adhering to the narrations, recognizes the burial of the dead infallible by the next infallible as a definite, unchangeable and transcendental rule; on the other hand, the theologians of the Baghdad school, unlike the traditionist jurists of the Qom school, place not only the narrations on the burial of the infallibles in the field of a single narration; rather, they do not accept the certainty and immutability of this issue as an indisputable theological and jurisprudential rule. The Baghdad school, while accepting the priority of burial of the infallible by the next infallible, has not elevated it to a degree of certainty so that if there are obstacles and restrictions for the living Imam in the burial of the deceased Imam, he still commits himself to this rule. The school of theologians and scholars does not believe in the burial of Imam Hussein, Imam Kāḍim and Imam Riḍā (as) by the next infallible. It is also understood from historical reports that Imam Riḍā (as)'s uncle, Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar al-Sādiq (as) was in charge of his burial.

Abstract Political education is one of the concepts that play a key role in shaping the frameworks of Islamic government and characterizing the type of action of society and increasing Islamic insight. Political education is a process that begins with non-political affairs and then moves on to simpler areas. In Islamic thought and the behavioral patterns of the Imams (as), the socio-political education of man and society has always been of great importance. Through social and political education, the infallible Imams have always explained religious teachings in the individual and governmental spheres and have trained human beings in the level of Islamic culture and identity. In the political thought of Imam Riḍā (as), the concept of political education is basically related to the empowerment of the Muslim community in order to inform and improve their level of insight to understand the existing trends. The main question of the research is what is the political education in the thought and behavioral pattern of Imam Riḍā (as)? According to the research findings in the behavioral model of Imam Riḍā (as), political education basically means social self-awareness and the establishment of political and social cohesion and has its own components and characteristics, in such a way that right orientation, justice, freedom of expression, honor and respect, knowing the audience and awareness of the time are the most important features of political education in their thought and behavior pattern. Based on this, the research method is descriptive-analytical, which explains the political education in the thought and behavioral pattern of Imam Riḍā (as) by using the narrations and biography of Razavi.

Abstract Undoubtedly, each school offers a special way of life that is based on its worldview and considers the formation of its desired society in adherence to those norms. Is it possible to extract the norms, desirable characteristics and principles of social behavior expected from a Muslim from the speech and behavior of Imam Riḍā (as) and explain it in a systematic way? This research first collects the words and behaviors of Imam Riḍā (as) in a library method and then organizes it in a descriptive-analytical way. The findings of this study show that the following eight basic points have been mostly considered and emphasized by them: 1. Learning and teaching 2. Honoring committed and knowledgeable poets 3. Protecting the brotherhood of faith 4. Commitment to pure speech 5. Loving others 6. Generosity and charity 7. Concealing charity and avoiding humiliation 8. Wise forgiveness. And because Imam Riḍā (as) was fully adorned with the mentioned social behaviors and behaviors, he attracted a general and special friendship and was named "Riḍā".

Abstract The pilgrimage of Imam Riḍā (as) has been mentioned in some narrations as the cause of forgiveness of the pilgrim's sins. At first glance, the concept of the narrations of the pilgrimage of Imam Riḍā (AS) and the forgiveness of all sins is in conflict with the content of some verses of the Qur'an (Nisá, 31) that make the forgiveness of believers conditional on avoiding major sins, as well as many hadiths and especially the concept of authentic hadith Khaythama, who introduced the removal of the punishment and forgiveness of the sinner to know and follow the path of the Ahl al-Bayt (as). This article, with a critical approach and descriptive-analytical method, seeks to present the correct concept and resolve the conflict between the narrations of the forgiveness of the pilgrim's sins and some verses and narrations, especially the reliable hadith of Khaythama. This research shows that the forgiveness of minor sins, by avoiding major sins, is reserved for the holder of guardianship and mystics of the right and sanctity of the Ahl al-Bayt (as). Also, with the accumulation of great sin, after enduring hardships (according to the amount of sin) at the time of death in the world, he is forgiven; and if the effects of sin are not removed, he is placed in the first floor of Hell, and he is forgiven through the intercession of the Ahl al-Bayt (as); and there is no conflict between the concept of the narrations of the pilgrimage of Imam Riḍā (as), whose functions include the forgiveness of the pilgrim, and the content of religious texts that consider the forgiveness and salvation of human beings to depend on faith, righteous deeds and adherence to the Ahl al-Bayt (as).