Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract Al-Kāfī Twelver Shīʿī ḥadīth collection by Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb al-Kulaynī is one of the most important ḥadīth collections of Shi'ites. Some orientalists have studied the differences between this book and other Shi'ite hadith collections, Basâ'ir al-darajât, and concluded that although the book of Al-Kāfī is similar to 'Basāer al-Dārājat in content, representing the dominant atmosphere of the city of Qom, but because it has addressed the rationalist Shi'a of Baghdad, it has chosen the modest way in the choice of hadiths and their arrangement; and unlike the book of Basâ'ir al-darajât, things that have extraordinary content, such as infinite knowledge of the Imams, the abnormal sources of these sciences, and the ability to revive the dead, are not mentioned in this book. In this study, a comparison was made between the two books of Al-hojah Al-Kāfī and Basâ'ir al-darajât, and common and uncommon Hadiths and sections of the two books were extracted in order to answer the question whether the book of Al-hojah Al-Kāfī and Basâ'ir al-darajât differentiate between the characteristics of Imamate and the virtues of the Imams (P.B.U.T.), which has been raised in Basâ'ir al-darajât, is really neglected by al-Kulaynī. Finally, one of the sections which was only stated in Al-Kāfī (Special and comprehensive section in the virtues and traits of the Imam) was analyzed by the method of content analysis and it became clear that, contrary to the claims, this detailed narration of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) speaks of Divine Appointment, Infallibility and Unlearned Science as the characteristics of the Imam and attributes of Imamate.

Abstract The Islamicization of the methods and theories of Humanities and Experimental Sciences has been the point of view of the Supreme Leader of Iran for more than two decades. Since the era of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) has been known for the existence of deviant currents, the communicative way of the Imam (P.B.U.H.) presents rare teachings in communication sciences that are regulated. Hence, by examining his communications in facing with deviant sects, a step towards the theory of Islamic communication has been taken by presenting a proposed model. The present study has provided a proper way of communicating with Zaidiyyah sect with the aim of examining the communication approach of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) in confronting this sect using a descriptive-analytical method and an interdisciplinary approach. The absorption approach had the highest percentage among other approaches - aggressive, preventive, protective, defensive and passive - in the proposed model.

Abstract ''Monotheism" is the most basic belief of Islam and other religious teachings and human values education emanates from it. Inherent Monotheism is the most important kind of Monotheism and the base of all Monotheism levels. Imam Reza (A.S.), like other Imams, has paid special attention to this vital issue. The two main questions of this article are: What is the stance of Imam Reza (A.S.) on Inherent Monotheism? And how can one, based on a philosophical look, reveal the hidden implications of the monotheistic viewpoint of Imam Reza (A.S.)? The results are as follows: In the words of Imam Reza (A.S.), three explanations of Inherent Monotheism have been observed: 1- Proofing Oneness without basing on Unity 2. Proofing Unity without basing on Oneness 3. Proofing Unity on the basis of Oneness. The proof of negation of limitation of God in the words of Imam Reza (A.S.) is not on the one hand dependent on Unity and is proofed independent of it. Thus, the argument is the same as the first form of Monotheism and, on the other hand, the same negation of God's limitation is the proof of Unity, and therefore, this argument is the third form, and the second form appears in the fourth form, in the statements of the Imam: Negation of the traits of creatures from God, eternity and preexistence of God, the Argument of Antagonism, precession of Dualism toward Monotheism. It is also worth mentioning that, in this research, we tried to reveal some hidden implications of the narrations of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) in the subject of Monotheism using philosophical heritage of the Islamic tradition, and to analyze its parts and derivatives without attempting to impose philosophy on narrations.

Abstract Religious books and doctrines, the notion of infallible Imams (P.B.U.T.) and their words and narrations for enlightenment and anti-authoritarianism are important theoretical principles in the Resistance Literature which always invite human beings to good morals to gain salvation. Accordingly, Manner and Culture of Razavi based on the culture of Resistance have had a dramatic effect on Persian literature and has created the reflection of Resistance effects in the poems of Iranian poets. Manner and Culture of Razavi has always been considered as a lead for the life of Iranian people due to the existence of the shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.) in Iran and its reflection of the Resistance effects in the poetry of Iranian poets; for this reason, we intend to explain and analyze Manner and Culture of Razavi, as one of the principles of Resistance Literature in this research. The purpose of this research is to introduce Razavi's culture as one of the principles of Iran’s Resistance Literature and its representation in contemporary poetry of poets with an analytical descriptive approach. After assimilating various sources and also considering the existence of Resistance effects affected by the themes of Manner and Culture of Razavi and their representation in the poems of Resistance poets, Razavi's Manner and Culture can be considered as the principles of Iran’s Resistance Literature.

Abstract The verses of Al-Tathir, Wilaya, Ulu l-Amr (Obedience), Al-Tablīgh (Propagation) and other famous verses have long been part of the most famous citations of theology of the Imamiyya. Verses Stories from the Quran have less been considered by the commentators and theologians of Imamate, while Imams (P.B.U.T.) have referred to them a lot for explaining and defending the teachings of Imamate. In this paper, theological-exegesis citations of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) to Verses Stories in the field of Imamate have been reviewed and explained by relying on early narrative sources of the Imam to reconstruct the pattern of deduction and theological citation and to achieve the methods of responding to theological doubts in the field of Imamate. Imam Reza’s (P.B.U.H.) citation to this type of verses can be considered an important approach to theological exegesis of the Quran, while in the scientific atmosphere of Sunnite, the Israeli discourse dominates the exegesis of Quranic stories. Studies show that the infallibility of the Imam, the course of Imamate in the family of Ibrahim (P.B.U.H.), Divine Knowledge of the Imam, seeing and not recognizing the Imam, the acceptance of Succession, and the difference between the meaning of Ummah and Dynasty are the most important theological discussions of the Imam in referring to the stories of the Quran. The explicative method of Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) to Verses Stories is another topic discussed in this article.

Abstract Applying correct practices in disputes is more effective and influences the minds and hearts of people; but incorrect ones make the opposite site of the debate more determined and fanatical in his wrong beliefs. Accordingly, Quran advises people to follow best practices in disputes and Imam Reza (A.S.) has also utilized these practices and insisted on rational, emotional and argument aspects. In these kinds of disputes, insulting and blaming the religion and beliefs of the other side is not allowed. Imam Reza (A.S.) utilized mutually acceptable beliefs of religions including Monotheism and Prophethood. In these disputes, there is no place for prejudice, militancy, self-esteem and persuasion of fame-seeking while “wise short saying and avoiding complicated saying” has highly been recommended. Other features of best practices in disputes recommended for debaters is to be fair and to admit ones mistakes –if he has made one. These kind of disputes are allowed –and even compulsory- in religious affairs and not only stop hatred and enmity, but also encompass many positive effects. On the other hand, there are some disputes that are not allowed including the ones with ignorant, debating with someone whose objective is to achieve evil goals and conflicting in what threatens the unity of Muslims and humanity. This research seeks to answer the question “what is the meaning of the best practices in disputes from Imam Reza's point of view” using descriptive-analytic method.

Abstract The achievement of the insight of Islamic unity and the formation of a united nation, which is based on the Qur'an, has long been considered by the Prophet (PBUH) and the infallible Imams (A.S). accordingly, in Imam Reza's era and after development of debates, Imam Reza found an opportunity to debate with leaders of Islamic religions and take a s step towards unity among Muslims. This article has been written to find strategies to achieve Islamic unity based on the Razavi words. From this perspective, the question of this research is: What are the strategies to achieve Islamic unity based on the words of Imam Reza (AS) and how can we achieve it? The method of research is descriptive-analytical and of a fundamental type and by the study of Razavi words (AS), the strategies for achieving Islamic unity will be revealed. The study of the words of Imam Reza (AS), for the purpose of identifying the strategies of Islamic unity, showed that he established equality and unity among Muslims by appropriate words and actions in different situation against Abbasid caliphate, and he emphasized the culture of Islamic unity among all Muslims. Among the most important strategies that Imam Reza has expressed in his hadiths on Islamic unity are: monotheistic insight, emphasis on the Qur'an, alignment with the Prophet's traditions, attention to the ambition of Mahdiism, continuance with Salavat (Peace be upon Mohammad and his family), paying attention to the principles of unity in the debates and faithful brotherhood.

Abstract Every relation is based on some principles, and the relationship between spouses is not an exception. As a comprehensive book of life, the Holy Quran has some suggestions for the spouses which are implied in its verses. Finding out reasons and intentions of the Quranic verses and presenting Quranic strategies in family and society level without utilizing Infallibles’ speech is something imperfect and less useful. Accordingly, the principles of couple’s relations in surah Nisa have been extracted and explained in accordance with Imam Reza (A.S)'s interpretive and non-interpretive traditions, in this paper. The most important references are narrative commentaries and Hadith references, i.e. the texts in which Imam Reza (A.S)'s viewpoints have been reflected with or without the verses. Surah Nisa contains the principles of couples' relations.  In this surah, the most important principles of couple’s relations have been defined in general by virtue of the equality between man and woman and genetic kinship and it emphasizes mutual rights and obligations existing between the husband and the wife. Also, it recognizes financial and management responsibility between the husband and the wife in accordance with each individual's situation and family community so that by considering all this situation, it determines regulations based on individual and social interests. The research method is library-based and analytic-descriptive. The scope of the present study is the verses including the principles of couple’s relations in surah Nisa.

Abstract Human rights are a collection of rights and freedoms that any human being can benefit from duringhis individual and sociallife in order to maintain his inherent dignity. This concept is suchnotable when looking at Imam Reza (A.S)’s wordsand conduct that by referring to it, one might gain an appropriate understanding of the relationship between Islam and human rights.Along with explaining Religious Laws and orders of perspicuous religion of Islam,Imam Reza would describe principles and basics of human rights in order to create a pious and faithful-to-people society, and finally manifest ways of guidance and bliss to everyone. The present study aims to consider, carefully and systematically, the key principles of human rights as assumed by Imam Reza, by gathering library documents and resources, with the approach of content and document analysis. It is attempted to depict the behavior and attitudes of Imam Reza towards the concept of human rights and its position in Islam. According to Imam Reza’s trainings,Human dignityis the base of everything, and all human rights’ principles are shaped based on this principle, as well as equity and freedom. Imam Reza’s efforts on human rights are not restricted to financial, judicial and social rights. Rather, rights related to human thoughts are more important for him, some clear examples of which are non-imposition of religion and freedom of scientific discussions.

Abstract There are three notions among jurists about the wife’s share in inheritance if she is the only heir of her husband, and there are two notions about the husband’s share in inheritance if he is the only heir of his wife. The disagreement among jurists in this area originates from differences among narrations and hadiths. So studying documented narrations for determining the accuracy of every notion is inevitable. This study presents notions of jurists, in the first place. Then the documented narrations are studied within a descriptive-analytical method and the adopted notion of writers i.e. the content of Imam Reza’s hadith. Based on this notion, either wife or the husband inherits the residue of the estate of fixed shares from the other party, in addition to the share and fixed share specified in holy Quran, whether in the era of Imam Zaman’s presence or in his absence. This issue is one of the social concerns about which there is no text in Civil Code, but according to principle 167 of Iranian Constitution, the judge is bound to refer to reliable Islamic sources and valid juristic notions if he does not find any text containing articles regarding relevant lawsuits. So it is crucial to study the issue by examining evidences, documentations and presenting the adopted notion of writers.