Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract "Pretending" is a social harm that, although it is also felt in communications between ordinary people in society, recognizing pretense and correctly confronting a pretender who is in government positions is much more complex and difficult due to the various sources of power. In this article, pretense is considered as a "cultural-communicational harm" and the goal is to explain the pattern of Imam Reza's confrontation with Ma'mun as a pretender who is in the highest ranks of the government. To achieve this pattern, the method of text hermeneutics with an "interrogative and author-centered" approach and content analysis were used to collect data from the narrations and life of Imam Reza and to analyze the data. By examining the lexical meaning of the word "tolerance" and carefully examining the narrations in this field and applying it to the life of Imam Reza, as well as analyzing the content of Imam Reza's verbal and non-verbal actions, 44 basic themes, 6 organizing themes, and one comprehensive theme were obtained. “Foresightful tolerance”, “measurement in actions”, “exposing pretense while tolerating the pretense”, “benevolence and observing expediency”, “observing Islamic principles”, and “strict confrontation in case of ineffective tolerance” are 6 organizing themes that are placed under “wise tolerance” as a comprehensive theme. “wise tolerance” should be considered as a communication principle in confronting pretense. The wise attribute of the spirit is the governing tolerance in confronting the pretense. In fact, tolerance is done with the pretense person, not with his pretense. It is suggested that the model of confronting pretense agents in the current situation be the subject of another article and that by updating the model obtained from this article, the current model of confronting pretense can be drawn.

Abstract Cohesion is a fundamental concept in linguistics that examines the factors of connectivity and relationships between sentence components, inter-sentential relations, and the overall text structure. This term, introduced by functional linguists in the field of discourse analysis, comprehensively studies the role of cohesive components in text formation and organization. Imam Reza's (PBUH) monotheistic sermon is a religious text with profound monotheistic content and literary richness, in which the Imam (PBUH) has artfully and intelligently utilized cohesive elements to create a coherent and systematic structure. This research uses the bases of Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan's textual cohesion theory to examine the conjunctive and lexical cohesion factors of this sermon. The present study, while analyzing conjunctive, lexical, and rhetorical cohesive components, systematically examines the interdiscursive relations and the role of these elements in the sermon's structure and the transmission of philosophical concepts. The research findings indicate that among the conjunctive elements, the additive conjunction "and" has the highest frequency in the text, and at the lexical level, the Imam (PBUH) has artistically employed various lexical cohesion elements such as antonymy, opposition, and semantic fields. These lexical elements, formed based on syntagmatic relations in the speech chain, have played a more prominent and influential role in creating textual cohesion. The results of this research clearly demonstrate that using Halliday and Hasan's cohesion theory, while identifying cohesive elements in religious texts, one can scientifically and methodically explain how these elements influence text formation and the clear, unambiguous transmission of profound philosophical and religious concepts.

Abstract Language and its manifestation in speech and discourse, especially in a society whose people are famous for their literature and verbal art, cannot be free from political dimension and function. De bel Khozaee (256-148 AH) with a life span of nearly a century used speech and poetry to expand the culture of the Imams and Confront with the Abbasid political culture, and left behind an effective legacy. The present article, with a historical, descriptive, analytical approach and documentary method, seeks to present a vivid picture of the functions of the political speech act of De bel Khozaee, the poet of the Ahl ol-Bayt, during his long life, especially in the era of Imam Reza (AS). The theoretical framework of the present article is the relationship between language and ideology in the thought of Pierre Pierre Ansart t(1922-2016). Based on his thought, language gives meaning and direction to political action. Language is an important tool for political actors to realize the act of rebellion and revolution or stabilization. The findings of this article show that De bel’s political poetry, in the form of satire and criticism of the caliphs of the time, from the Umayyads to the Abbasids, and in the act of consolidation in the form of praise and lamentation of the Ahl ol-Bayt, and defense of their legitimacy, expressing the lamentations of the infallibles and praising the descendants, especially the praise and lamentation of Imam Reza (a.s.), has made De bel famous in consolidating the Razavi culture with revolutionary action and preventing the dominance of the culture opposed to the Ahl ol-Bayt. De bel ‘s poetic language depicts the legitimacy of the discourse of the Imamate, by depicting the legitimacy, competence, and at the same time the oppression of the infallibles, may God bless them and grant them peace, and exposing the injustices, betrayals, inadequacies, and cruelty and injustice of the Abbasid rulers. . De bel’s revolutionary action is in such a way that instead of a language full of mystery and obscurantism; By using clear and straightforward odes, he targeted a large audience in the vast Muslim lands of his time.

Abstract Given the important and sacred position of the Prophet of Islam and the Impeccable Imams within the realm of the Iranian people’s beliefs and spiritual values, religious art in this land starting from the early centuries of the Islamic era developed into a variety of visual subcategories, each seeking, in a comprehensive, desirable, and aesthetically pleasing manner, to depict the conduct of those great figures. Razavi art is among them; it took shape based on the life-story (sīrah) of Imam Reza and the principles governing his lived experience, and includes numerous visual works such as miniature painting. Among the remaining artworks and depictions from many historical centuries, the present study conducted as a case study focuses on contemporary miniatures centered on the historical event of Imam Reza’s arrival in Nishapur and the narration of the Ḥadīth of the Golden Chain by him. The study aims, through reading and analysis of these works as specific visual documents of the subject, to both reveal the thematic expressions of the ḥadīth and show how miniature painters have made evident the artists’ appropriation of the Imam’s thoughts, conduct, speech, and manner of living. The findings obtained from the description and interpretation of the visual structure of these works based on the theory of Wucius Wong indicate that although each of the miniature painters chose a particular approach from realism to abstraction to visualize this event and concentrated on one of the surrounding themes of the ḥadīth, they nevertheless all endeavored to create a spiritual and sacred atmosphere through it (inscription-writing and the design of an angel or angel’s wing in the background) and to apply visual principles similar to those such as “upright” (rank) perspective, as well as using gentle colors to depict faces and place the primary form (the Imam’s figure) within the key square of their compositional structure. In doing so, they emphasized the central theme of the ḥadīth: the inseparable bond between divine unity (tawḥīd) and imamate. They also portrayed the Imam’s way in confronting the community of Muslims his pleasant demeanor, kindness, and patience in an appealing manner.

Abstract In the anthropological account to folklore, oral literature is considered as a reflection of culture and its implications and is seen as a context for research on society. This article examines the poems related to two oral rituals in Sheshtamad, Sabzevar, as Chavoshikhani and robayikhani.In the study of these poems, emphasis is placed on the poems of Imam Reza.The present research is based on the ethnographic method and inspired of the theoretical discussion of Victor Turner on ritual symbols. The poems of these rituals acts as ritual symbols, representing a semantic condensation. Congestion, which acts as a semantic spectrum, refers, on the one hand, to human emotions, and on the other hand, it is related to the potential and actual norms and orders of society. What is important in understanding this semantic spectrum is the attention to the non-separability of these two poles.

Abstract Razavi Islamic Jurisprudence book which is an influential work on Imamie Islamic Jurisprudence communities, is known as a compilation written by Imam Reza (A.S.) according to several historical evidences in the Islamic Jurisprudential sources and bibliographies such as: the finder reporting and the original version reciprocating, access to old manuscripts by emphasizing the writing of the book by Imam Reza (A.S.), exclusion of the possibility of fabrication and forgery in the intellectual monopoly of the book written by Imam Reza (A.S.) or its fallacious and fabrication; or by resorting to documents list such as: introducing a version of the book narrators of Imam Reza (A.S.) on Shia sources list, and referring to intratextual evidences compiled by one of the Imams (A.S.) and intratextual evidences compiled by Imam Reza (A.S.). In the present study, after reinvestigating the history of accessing this work and explaining the reasons and evidences mentioned, as well as validating the criticisms of the opponents of this theory, and analyzing misleading and acceptable criticisms in an analytical-descriptive style, the certainty of citations proposition to prove the theory of the writing of Razavi Islamic Jurisprudence by Imam Reza (A.S.) has been critically rethought and it was concluded that resorting to these reasons and evidences to all facts affecting the analysis and understanding of the author's work have been neglected. On the other hand, excluding the handwriting of Imam Reza (A.S.) from this book, it is impossible to consider it as a unique work attributed to a single author.

Abstract The main concern of the current paper is how we can study Imam Reza (A.S)’s transfer from Medina to Merv and his three-year living in Khorasan according to Islamic Principle of “Hijrat” (the migration) and its role in civilization-building. Based on Islamic logic, Hijrat is a principle equivalent to Jihad, results and effects of which serve the achievement of Islam’s goals and ideals. So, we can analyze Imam Reza’s transfer from Medina to Merv and his living in Khorasan according to the theory of “Hijrat and Civilization-building”, given the results and the effects of his hijrat. Although Imam Reza’s short-term presence in Khorasan brought about a plentiful of blessings and good results for the city, the most important results of his Hijrat, among others, are reinforcing rational-oriented current, flourishing scientific and translation movements, developing the method of debates and expanding the geographical boundaries of Shiites. In addition, Mashhad, the City of Imam Reza, as the center of Khorasan’s civilization, and the Shrines of offspring of Imams have played a key role in promoting and stabilizing Shiite civilization in Iran.

Abstract The debate is a dialogue for common understanding and is one of the ffecivemthods­ to explain and educate celestial teachings. It was used by Prophets and Imams(PBUH) while facing with controversial opinions. Because of the political-cultural situation and dictation ov votes happened at the time of Imam Reza, he performed debates with scientists and elders of several sects to prevent distortion of Islam. He avoided the damages of debate and continued dialogue to clarify the facts, a method that approached considerable results. The aim of this study was the damage assessment of debate based onImam Reza^,s debate schemes. The research has identified the damages of debate based on Imam Reza^,s debates using descriptive – analytical methods and extensive literature review. The results showedthe debate damages would be divided to two major types: the scientific damages (e.g. fallacy in the argument, relying on the non-shared principles, lacking of order and structure in argument, etc) and moral damages (e.g. violation of fairness, prejudice and emulate, personality assessments, etc).The results demonstrated he continued his debates using the rules and avoiding the damages, tried to guide and enlighten the audience and always won all of debates.

Abstract Imam Reza was living in the era of oppression sovereignty and took important steps against this trend in order to guide the Muslim community. These Steps are suitable patterns which could be used by the right seekers in the era of Imam Mahdi absence. This article tries to know the process and mechanism which had been used by Imam Reza to campaign oppressor government of his own life. By knowing these process and mechanism we will be able to introduce a pattern for those who want to follow Imams of Shia.
In this article by explanatory and descriptive method we will conclude that Imam Reza was trying to act against Mamun by attracting people and guidance of elites (Soft War). In fact Imam raged a soft war and silence revolution against Abbasi government which was based on enrollment of commonality and elites besides informing.

Abstract Discourse of creation (khalq) of the Quran was one of the first theological topics among Muslims that the formation of this theological discourse has coincided with Imam Reza's lifetime.
This article organized on the basis of discourse analysis defines Imam Reza's confronting with these theological discourses. Studies indicate that in response to this question, Imam Reza did not say anything that abbasied politicians and their followers do not abuse in confirmation of their intellectual school.
According to this, Imam Reza sometimes expressed his point of view indirectly and sometimes expressed directly to some of the companions. With this method, Imam Reza did not support Mu'tazili and abbasied politicians, and he kept people away from these useless issues and he drew people's attention to the more important aspects of the Holy Quran, such as guidance dimensions, and in this way he kept people especially his followers out of dangers. 

Abstract A righteous deed is the sign and supplement of the faith can be destroyed due to pestilence or moralistic and mental illness. In this article after the introduction of some Qur'anic verses that refer to the deleting Acts of unbelievers, introduced two pests of righteous deed that delete the acts. Selfhood and people love his acts and know that acts from himself, not from God and divine success and know himself out of worship and other righteous deeds and another pest, the assumption of God and prophet and his servants due to heart faith and the good thing he has done, these two deadly pests Like two toxic poisons stops the divine success and instead of advancement in this world and hereafter, defeated the person who has this pest and stops the advancement of him and makes the sequel to evil.

Abstract Position of Imam Reza (PBUH) is regarded as the sensitive point of Shiite history. This sensitivity is considered from some perspectives: political and social changes of Abbasside era (and particularly caliphate of Mamoon) on the one hand and acceptance of position of Imam Reza (PBUH) on the other hand. Study of political tradition of Imam Reza (PBUH) is conducted based on the fact that political tradition of innocent imams is not only historical reality but also contains valuable advices and principles for their followers. Main focus of this paper is interaction of Imam Reza (PBUH) with despotism (particularly during position of Imam Reza). Some historical issues were raised as introduction of discussion and for showing social and political condition and two periods before his position and after his position have been studied. Classification of changes into periods before position and after position of Imam Reza (PBUH) has clarified results of movement and conduct of Imam (PBUH). In period after his position, some probabilities and doubts of Imam Reza (PBUH) are discussed and political positions of Imam are mentioned. Conclusion Section mentions some results of this paper by mentioning some instances of Hazrat’s tradition and emphasizes that we should note that fighting against and opposing to the oppressive rulers based on fixed principles of Shiite teachings (absolute negation of ungodly government ) and considering time and space circumstances (cooperation with foe of God by observing some considerations ) can take different forms and this is exactly the thing which has been manifested in tradition of the household of the prophet of Islam. What has been clarified based on these teachings is that discontinuation of struggle and opposition has not been ordered and it is not permissible to compromise with the oppressors even under the hardest conditions despite different forms of opposition to oppressive rulers but form of struggle and expedient things should be considered.

Abstract   Various interpretations have so far been presented regarding the significant event of Imam Reza's migration (Hijrat) to Iran. What is less taken into account is the civilization-building nature of this migration. According to this approach, this migration, despite its exile-like nature hiding in disguise of claims by Bani Abbas tyrants that they want to glorify Ahl-al-Bayt and return them the rule, was in fact a move towards stabilizing Shiism in Iran and creating an Islamic and Shiite civilization in the country as well as a plan to expand this profound move to other Islamic countries and eventually creating an Islamic and Shiite rule and civilization all over the world. From the Shiite point of view, this concept has a profound connection with the issue of Absence, Expectation and Advent which eventually leads to a universal apocalyptic government. This article aims to analyze Imam Reza's migration to Iran as a civilization-building event following efforts and migrations by holy prophets and Imams from an apocalyptic point of view and underline its constructive nature for the Advent of Mahdi (PBUH).

Abstract The Family members of the Holy Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) (Ahl-al-Bayt) were selected by God for Imamate and God introduced them to the mankind. Realization of their great mission vested in them by God is possible merely if people observe their rights and fulfill public duties. Getting familiar with Ahl-al-Bayt's rights as well as people's obligations towards them is an effective and constructive way to observe these obligations and fulfill the duties as well as to inform others and institutionalize the relation between Imams and people. Holy Quran and the Tradition (Sunnah) of Holy Prophet and Imams are great sources for getting familiar with Imams. This paper offers Imam Reza's viewpoint regarding Ahl-al-Bayt's rights on people based on Hadith sources through descriptive analytic method. Results illustrate a number of these duties and obligations which Muslims and Shiites need in order to have a desirable relation with Ahl-al-Bayt.

Abstract Miracle-working by the Infallibles (Masoumin) is one of the most important theological issues regarding Imamate and many cases of miracle-working by Imams have been reported in Imamia narrative sources. However, some including Mu'tazilite believes that Miracles are uniquely worked by prophets and Imamate does not include miracles. Given the importance of miracle working in Imamate discussions on one hand, and the fact that many miracles have been worked by Imams on the other hand, and considering Imam Reza's Imamate era and the miracles worked by him, this paper seeks to explore and analyze the principles and types of miracles by Imam Reza through Imamia narrative legacy.
Among miracles by Imam Reza (PBUH) are: knowing the unknown, the occult and what's going to happen, knowing many languages as well as languages of animals, God's answering his prayers, healing, virtual travel from one place to another (tay al-arz), animals' acquaintance with him, his presence in some people's dreams with recommendations for them, access to natural treasures and knowing about people's daily actions. 

Abstract Review and analyze the impact on Imam Reza’s role on khorasan of different dimension is significant.
The presence blessed of Imam was significant impact political and specially cultural on khorasan.
Perhaps the various factors of the departure of Imam Reza to khorasan and also the impact and importance role of Velayat of Imam researches less have paid of the cultural and scientific environment on age.
This paper has attempted to explain the Marv in past,in history of scientific and cultural be paid in khorasan.
Recognizing this situation with the science development and liberal space in Marv was the best opportunity for Imam,to the role of culture in the Muslim community with expressing opinions and strong views expressed in Shiaa.
Make a space science and free belief in Marv for the first time in the history of the Abbasian showed that now the ideas and teaching of the shiaa,can based reasoning and logic to prove the superiority over the other school of thought and jarispredence.

Abstract From interpretive narratives regarding Ahl-al-Bayt including those about Imam Reza (PBUH), it is concluded that Ahl-al-Bayt sought to teach the principles and the adequate ways to interpret the Holy Quran to their followers so that they can properly benefit from these principles during the Absence and find the path of guidance in any time and under any conditions. The analysis of the interpretive narratives regarding Imam Reza indicates that these interpretive principles include undistortability of Quran, its miracles, its immortality, its conductive nature and science of recitations. Interpretive methods that the narratives suggest include: interpretation of a verse according to a comparable one, interpretation of verses according to interpretive narratives, interpretation through explanation of unfamiliar words, interpretation of a verse through the cause to its revelation, interpretation through specification of certain provisions, interpretation through designation of the addressee, interpretation by querying Quran, interpretation through expression of instances and examples, interpretation by defining the reasons to propositions, interpretation of a verse via companionship method, detailing Quran stories, explication of similar verses and adaptation of verses on external examples.

Abstract One of the controversial topics in Theology is the issue of visibility of God. At one side human being habitude and familiarity is believing a matter after observing it, which has caused continuously demands for seeing God, and on the other side religious scripts has emphasized the inconceivability of this issue. Infiltration of false narrations which quoted the eyesight of Prophet Mohammad in the night of Meraj and seeing the Divinity by the believers in the day of resurrection in Sunni hadith references, created a context for Muslims to have credence on this issue until the era of Imam Reza and led to asking Imam about this issue. Imam as the true guardian of the Islam criticized this doubt by Quranic and rational logics. The author of this article in addition to discussing the opinions of Imami, Mu’tazilite and Ash’arites about the visibility of God, surveys about the principle narrations of Imam Reza on monotheism, including the conversation between Abu-Ghorah and Imam Reza on criticizing this issue.

Abstract Yadolah Behzad Kermanshahi (1304-1386) is one of devoted, contemporary poets, whose poem themes is the love to saints, so much that the theme of his poems in collections entitled "Goli Byrang" and "Yadegar Mehr" have been reflected of his religious belief. This study is manifestation of Razavi culture in Khorasani Ha sonnent in the collection of Goli Byrang by Yadolah Behzad Kermanshahi, the findings show ,Imam Reza's maxims are the bed of Behzad Kermanshahi's poems in spiritual aspect of Imam Reza by which the poet is familiar. Therefore, Behzad Kermanshahi 's poems in reciting the cultural, spiritual personality of Imam Reza devoid of exaggeration, instead the poet of Khorasani Ha has the poetic, literary language to praise Imam Reza from due to the lights of Khorasan sun that are the manifestations of Imam Reza's spiritual personality and the effect of those who follow Imam Reza in the mirror of their poems.

Abstract Economic welfare alongside devoutness is one of the most important concerns in private and social life. In the Islamic societies there is a kind of intellectual contradiction and practical effort which stem from misunderstanding of religious statements; as a result, some despite their internal desire are getting away welfare and see wealth as plague of religion. The present paper which is prepared by library method, has critiqued this approach by reference to the Qur’an and Razavi (Imam Reza) teachings and has proved that economic welfare in life is an outcome of faith and piety and the best help to mankind for worshiping and serving God and cultural, personal and social development. On this basis, the present writing by using a new method in definition of welfare and related terms, has proved the favorability of economic welfare from the Qur’an and Razavi teachings’ perspective.  

Abstract  
Every human being is exposed to different choices in the course of his/her evolution and maturity among which some choices are more important. Choosing the spouse, probably, is one of the most important choices every one may make during his/her life, and getting divorce and breaking up the family is considered as one of the largest damages derived from a wrong choice. This paper is going to investigate the educative criteria of a congenial choice for forming and continuity of the successful family based on Razavi culture. It is a library research, and it has been organized by studying Razavi Traditions ( Ahadis-e- Razavi ). Trying to introduce a model of transcendent life style, this study, at the same time, inspired by Imam Reza's Traditions, aims at strengthening the foundation of the family. The Razavi culture is full of guidance which is studied by this study in two separate sections: educative criteria considering pre-marriage period which may result in a congenial choice and, consequently, forming a transcendent family, and educative criteria in the post-marriage era through which the transcendent family might be continuous. 

Abstract Belief in God is the most common question of human mind, and the most fundamental nessesity of faith. In Islamic sources are given some reasons for the existence of God and also philosophers have discussed several arguments.
Imam Reza also has approved God`s existence in Marve`s debates with Omran Saby, Soleiman Marvazi, one of the Catholics, and a Zandigh man. In this article we have shown that Imam has referred to order, contingency, motion, probability and necessity, and truthfulness arguments. Even some of his reasons are able to be watched as different arguments.

Abstract Human communication is one of the new sciences that its importance is increasing todays because of scientific progresses and changes in the human life style.
Attention to the principals and fundamentals of this science is essential for utilizing human social life and having correct relation with others. The goal of this research is connecting the principals of this new science with Razavi culture and his ethical approaches so to understand his pragmatic approach in all level of human communication deeply.
It is clear from all of Imams traditions and historical reports that Imam Reza has a vast effective communication with all of people of different class and culture in society.
In this study with a descriptive-analytic method, we are going to present a pattern for each Muslim to do their religious teachings and building cultural and communicative policies in Islamic society.

Abstract Current studyto explain the theory of " Imam Reza immigration and Amamzadgan to divine tradition Replacement " was And the results of it, is as follows: 1. The author, based on the evidence Qurany, Validity and authentic historic believes that God By Replacement tradition, After ingratitude and lack of effort the rest of the Islamic religion, especially the Hijaz and Iraq in helping to religion and divine leaders, the central role of the followers of Ahlul Byt School put in Iran. These important measures that can be migrated to the descendants of Imam Reza  and Amamzadgan : to Iran as one of the main reasons for the continuing success of the Stabilisation and victory for the Iranian religion is divine and holy tombs Amamzadgan dispersion quality monitoring across Iran get them on it. 2. Presence Imam Reza in Iran led to the Amamzadgan in Iran, both qualitative and quantitative to be managed.

Abstract Impeccable Imams (AS) as those who are in charge of explaining revelation, have communicated in an effective way in speech and behavior with their audiences. Surveying their traditions, we can infer and classify these methods in different situations of communicating messages. The purpose of this paper is to extract and classify some behavioral factors of effective communications in the speech and conduct of Imam Reza (AS). These factors not only can be found in moral chapters of traditions of Imam Reza(AS) but also in all other chapters. It is emphasized that the era of leadership of Imam Reza (AS) especially with the variety of the three different eras and variety of audiences can be as an example for the behavior of authorities. In this article which is written in the library style, several factors such as the use of non-verbal cues, transfer the indirect message, courtesy and mutual respect, company, harmony of word and deed, tactfulness in deed, speaking and silence and close communication can be noted.
Company, preparing background for main message, the priority of the situation and classifying communication are other Behavioral factors in Razavi traditions.