Journal of Razavi Culture

Abstract Throughout history, European travel writers and tourists interested in visiting the Razavi Shrine often traveled to Mashhad without knowing the specific rules of the Razavi Shrine and its sanctuaries. During their travels, tourists would ask their Muslim companions, who were on their way to visit the Shrine, They rarely mentioned in their travelogues any reports of their fellow travelers not being accepted, or any complaints or grievances about the regulations for travelers in pilgrimage caravans. However, when they arrived in Mashhad, based on their goals, which were mostly to tour and visit the historical complex of the Holy Shrine, They would encounter an unexpected challenge that would make them tired of the journey. Preventing non-Muslims from visiting the Holy Shrine was a problem during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, which made European tourists very reluctant to travel to Mashhad. The research method in this study is quantitative and qualitative with a descriptive approach based on events taken from European travelogues in the 13th and 14th centuries AH. This research seeks to find the answer to the question: What measures or reactions did non-Muslim travel writers have in order to create a ban on the Holy Shrine? This research seeks to find the answer to the question: What measures or reactions did non-Muslim travel writers have in order to create a ban on the Holy Shrine? The findings of this study indicate that a large number of them were subject to the legitimate laws and current regulations of the Holy Shrine and public opinion. Therefore, after understanding the limitations, they preferred not to even approach the sanctum sanctorum. Some people also entered the shrine of Imam Reza through legal channels and influence, and a few people have also visited or reported on the holy shrine using subtle tricks and special tricks.

Abstract Non-Iranian and Iranian travel writers have given different reports of the martyrdom event and then the burial of the body of the 8th Imam of Shiites in the land of Khorasan, in the year 203 AH, until the Qajar era. In this research, the reports of classical geographers and domestic and foreign travel writers about the martyrdom and burial of Imam Reza (peace be upon him) from the 3rd century to the end of the 13th century are discussed. The research community is 40 travelogues. Of these, thirty travelogues are non-Iranian and ten Iranian travelogues have also been examined. The research method in this research is quantitative and qualitative with a descriptive approach based on events taken from travelogues and geography books. This research aims to find the answer to how the event of martyrdom and the place of burial of Hazrat Reza, peace be upon her, are described in the travelogues of Europeans and Iranians? The findings of this research indicate that religious reports about the martyrdom and burial of Imam Reza (peace be upon her) were mentioned in a small or incomplete form by geographers and travel writers until the end of the 11th century. In the reports of the early centuries after the martyrdom, they did not mention the name of the murderer or the perpetrator of the martyrdom in their travelogues for any possible reason. After that, in the 12th and 13th centuries of the lunar calendar, with the integration of religious and Shiite institutions after the Safavids, in the Qajar era, due to the frequent presence of travel writers to the threshold of Al-Quds and their attention to reflection and criticism of the event and burial, reporting on the event of martyrdom. It has reached its peak in travelogues.